Critically discuss the following statement with reference to the Best Essay

Critically discuss the following statement with reference to the Best Practice and Best Fit approaches to strategic Human Re - Essay Example What makes some organisations prosper while others fail? Is applying the ‘best practices’ more successful than applying the ‘best fit’ approach to strategic HRM. These are questions that need to be addressed for a firm to develop the right strategy to drive it to success. According to Boxall and Purcell (2000, p. 193), ‘there are various principles and processes of good labour management but the methods firm adopt to reach their performance goals are affected by societal, sectoral, and organisational factors.’ This is a statement that needs to be explored further bearing in mind the importance attached to SHRM by firms as a means of achieving effectiveness and thus will be the subject of this research. To explore this issue further, the paper will first define the concepts used since various definitions affect the results of any research. Concepts such as strategy, strategic management, HR strategy and business strategy need to be understood for better evaluation of the different approaches involved. It will then discuss the ‘best fit’ and ‘best practice’ approaches to strategic human resource management (SHRM), their strengths as well as weaknesses. Though both approaches have been known to work for organisations, it should be argued that the ‘best practice’ approach is the most suitable in achieving organisational success. Besides the two approaches, the resource-based view of the firm is also worthy noting since it can solve the problems of ‘best fit’ and ‘best practice’ approaches. Definitions The strategic human resource management is derived from two concepts: strategy and HRM. Strategy is defined by Armstrong (2006, p. 113 cited in Johnstone and Scholes, 1993) as ‘the direction and scope of an organisation over longer time which matches its resources to its changing environment and in particular, to its markets, customers and clients to meet shar eholder expectations.’ The strategy is developed by managers to give the firm purpose and direction and as such, for strategy to be developed the firm has to have specific goals it wants to pursue and indicated in its vision and mission statement. It is essential in informing the stakeholders where the company is heading so that all their behaviours can be directed in the same direction. There are various levels of strategy: corporate, business and HR strategy. The corporate strategy is designed to direct the whole organisation whether local or global. It is developed at the top level of the corporation. Business strategy on the other hand, it designed for specific business units to achieve competitive advantage (Armstrong, 2006). HR strategies are aimed at ensuring the employees perform according to expected standards for organisational success, and these will be the concern for this paper. It is a pattern of strategic choices in labour management (Boxall and Purcell, 2000, p. 184). Human resource management is defined by Boxall and Purcell (2000, p. 184) as ‘anything and everything associated with management of employment relations in the firm’. They acknowledge the use of various management styles in contemporary workplaces depending on organisation context and the leadership in place. HRM concept has evolved over time from traditional personnel management to the now popular international SHRM and thus has been the object of debate in social sciences and academics. Theorists have come up with various methods of

Importance Of E-learning For Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Importance Of E-learning For Education - Essay Example More specifically, I am going to focus on paragraph 2 and paragraph 3. In paragraph 2 of the outline, I briefly mentioned on the effect of the introduction of eLearning to teachers. According to a research conducted by Boston College in 2010, where they were evaluating the effect of eLearning on the teacher's mastery as well as their students, they found out that eLearning was important to the teachers since they were able to better master the content. However, due to continued use of eLearning, some were found to be highly dependent on it and did not deliver effectively. The students were also found to be able to get the proper mastery of the content taught since they could read the books, even from their phones as long as they could connect to the internet. (Laura, 20). Thus, from this information, it is very open that the use of learning does not have a negative effect on the teachers as it is usually asserted, on the contrary, it helps the teachers to effectively dispense their activities. I also focused on the regulation of learning activities by the governments in this paragraph. Basically, governments have the power to alter or influence the activities carried out in their jurisdictions. This being the case, the regulation of learning by governments in different countries is not a matter of much worry, assuming that the governments in question will act in good faith and in order to balance different activities for the good of its citizens. In paragraph three, I mentioned about the effects that the use of eLearning technologies has had on the publishing world. Though there are various thoughts and conviction, it is evident that the eLearning technology has had effects on the publishing industry. However, there is every reason to encourage the use of e-learning technology despite the danger it poses to the publishing market.

The Factors That Affect The Prescription Behavior

The Factors That Affect The Prescription Behavior The aim of the study is to investigate the factors that affect the prescription behavior of doctors. As generic medicines are taking the market share of big branded one, the latter is trying to review their strategies in order to get back their market share. Mauritians are price conscious nowadays, they will look for better prices for the purchase of their needs and wants and even doctors would prefer to prescribe cheaper medicines in order to attract more of their customers. But what innovator firms are trying to do, is to eliminate generic firms from the market by hook or by crook. So this study will be more focus on the possible alternative Marketing mix strategies that can be adopted by generic firms in Mauritius in order to survive in this fierce pharmaceutical market. The research objectives were to analyze the factors that influence prescription behavior of doctors and to identify if mobile marketing and digital platforms (social media) are means for staying in this competitio n. Conceptual frameworks will be used. Both exploratory and descriptive studies will be used. The population would be consisted of general practitioners and some pharmacists. The sampling method would be stratified sampling. Data analysis would be done using SPSS 20 statistical software. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, hypothesis testing will be done. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction of the study The pharmaceutical industry is an important sector in the worldwide economy. Indeed, it is considered as one of the most dynamic and fast growing industries. The pharmaceutical industry consists of numerous players, all of whom hold only a small market share of the industry. The 2009 global 500 lists 12 international pharmaceutical companies (table 1.1). The fortune global 500 report also shows that Milan is the highest profit achiever with 48.4 % profit change from 2009. Eli Lilly was ranked as the second highest with 17.1% followed by Johnson Johnson with 8.7% and Biogen Idec with 3.6% and so on. Consequently, big firms Pfizer and Merck had encountered a decreased in the percentage change from 2009. The Pharmaceutical industry is now facing a lot of serious challenges. Patents on major drugs continue to expire while companies struggle to produce innovative break through to offset the impact of generic substitutes. The regulative environment is becoming more intense as the food and drug administration (FDA) looks to impose more effective safety standards in approving new drugs. In addition, rising anger over the price of prescription drugs and calls for lower prices may lead to further reduction in revenue growth. These challenges facing the brand name pharmaceuticals are considered as promising opportunities to grow for another sector in the pharmaceutical industry, the generics. Patents expiration means the ability of generics to produce and sell more and more pharmaceutical products at lower prices. The increased focus on generic drugs as cost effective alternatives to the expensive brand name drugs along with the very high growth rates of generics have made the Federal Trade Commission in cooperation with the FDA to put new rules that ensure timely access of consumers to generic pharmaceutical products and to ensure that consumers are protected from potentially anti-competitive arrangements between brand name and generic drug makers. These rules are widely known as the Hatch Waxman act. Lately, in the pharmaceutical industry, there are many trends taking place. One of them is the generic drugs and the other being the globalization of generic medicine. Generic Medicines are taking the market share of branded medicines around the world, so big Pharmaceutical companies have turned to underhanded practices to get these cheaper drugs out of the market 1.2 Background of the study The Pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the worlds economy, as well as in ensuring the welfare of its citizens. It is apart from other industries since it offers the world population cure and alleviation from disease and contributes to the economies of many nations. In Mauritius, the pharmaceutical industry consists of a public sector as well as a private sector. The Public sector comprises of hospitals, dispensaries, area heath sectors and medi-clinics. The latter is free of charge and accessible to the public. Moreover the medication is free of charge for the patients. Doctors working in the public sector do not have the right to do private practices expect specialist doctors who are authorized to do so after working hours (4 p.m). The public sectors buys all drugs through tenders and the doctors working there cannot prescribe drugs other than that available in the hospital. Hospitals usually look forward to have business with generic pharmaceutical companies because of cheaper quotations. On the contrary, in the private sector, the patients have to pay to consult a doctor, whether it is a specialist of a general practitioner. These doctors are free to prescribe drugs of their choice that the patient can buy in any drug house. Most Pharmaceuti cal companies focus their marketing mix on these doctors for prescription drugs and on pharmacies of OTC products so as to conquer the maximum market share as well to be more profitable. POM and OTC drugs are the two major types of pharmaceutical products. POMs are licensed medicines regulated by legislation, and requiring a prescription for purchase. On the other hand, OTC drugs are medicines directly sold to patients without any prescription from doctors. The study will be focused mainly on prescription drugs where the market involves a complex buying and decision making process. So, private doctors will be my main focus since they are the ones to prescribe drugs and followed by Pharmacists who are also responsible for the success of some generic pharmaceutical firms. Moreover, this study will mainly focused on the marketing mixed strategies used by Generic pharmaceutical firms and how they influence the prescription behavior of doctors in Mauritius. 1.3 Statement of problem Since Generic pharmaceutical market is getting bigger day by day, they will be more competitors in the pharmaceutical market. This in turn resulted in very tough competition both against brand name manufacturers and within the generic industry itself. Of course, this highly competitive environment relies mainly on price differences and will definitely lead to price wars among all Generic Pharmaceutical Companies. The problem is that for generics to rely on cost leadership and hence lower selling prices as a sole competitive strategy will lead definitely to industry exit by many companies due to low profitability. Moreover, physicians and pharmacists prefer to dispense generic medicines and this has a great negative impact on the innovators companies where their sales, profits and market share were affected. Consequently the innovator companies will decrease their expenditure, budget, reduce headcounts and spend a lot of money in implementing new strategies and conduct various promotional activities in order to keep their market share and maintain their profits. So, Generic Companies must find other competitive marketing mixed strategies to differentiate themselves if they are to survive in this highly competitive environment. 1.4 Significance of the study 1.4.1 Objectives To study some of the various marketing activities related to the pharmaceutical market in Mauritius and in particular Branding strategies Pricing strategies Promotion strategies (sponsorship, gifts etc) Analyze the appropriate marketing mix strategies for generic companies working in Mauritius. To study the cost leadership as a generic strategy and its effectiveness for generic companies working in Mauritius. From the doctors responses, identify if the use of mobile marketing and other social Medias (Facebook, msn, yahoo, Skypeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) will be a competitive advantage. From the doctors responses, formulate other generic strategies that can be adopted by generic Pharmaceutical companies working in Mauritius. 1.4.2 Research Questions To serve the purpose of this study we shall address the following research questions: What are the possible marketing mix tools that can be used by the Generic Pharmaceuticals? Is the cost leadership as a competitive strategy sufficient alone for generics to survive in this highly competitive industry in Mauritius? What other Marketing mix strategies that can be adopted by generic pharmaceuticals working in Mauritian Market? 1.5 Hypothesis (Assumptions) The following hypotheses based on the objectives of the study have been formulated: Hypothesis I Ho: Prescription behavior is not affected by distribution Characteristics HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by characteristics Hypothesis II Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by promotion HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by promotion Hypothesis III Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by medical representative skills and relationship characteristics. HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by medical representative skills and relationship characteristics Hypothesis IV Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by product characteristics HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by product characteristics Hypothesis V Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by drug cost HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by drug cost. Hypothesis VI Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by sampling HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by sampling Hypothesis VII Ho: Prescription behavior of doctors is not affected by frequency of visit of medical representative HA: Prescription behavior of doctors is affected by frequency of visit of medical representative Hypothesis VIII Ho: It is not important to implement mobile marketing in the pharmaceutical marketing mix strategy HA: It is important to implement mobile marketing in the pharmaceutical marketing mix strategy. Hypothesis IX Ho: It is not important to implement social platform and other digital platforms in the marketing mix strategy. HA: It is important to implement social platform and other digital platforms in the marketing mix strategy. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter presents theories pertaining to the stated research questions. The theories will cover the most important elements of the marketing mix and their implication on the generic pharmaceutical industry. This chapter will also discuss the different competitive strategies and the possibility to adopt them to the generic pharmaceutical industry. 2.1 Introduction The pharmaceutical industry is a large and important industry worldwide, where its practices have direct impact on the welfare of patients in specific and the society in general (Manchanda Honka, 2005). The pharmaceutical market is characterized by the phenomena of derived demand, where the end consumer of the product is not necessarily the decision maker in the purchase process. The process is controlled by the patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ physicians, where physicians act as gatekeepers or intermediaries who decide whether or not a purchase will be made and if so, which drug will be purchased through prescriptions (Zelnio, 1982). Thus, the pharmaceutical industry is characterized by multiplicity of market players including physicians, medical representatives, patients, insurance companies, government, health organizations etc. Moreover, the industry is highly regulated and monitored by various institutions including health organizations on a national and international level (Carter Chi tturi, 2009). There are two major types of pharmaceutical products, prescription only medicines (POM) and over-the-counter drugs (OTC). POMs are licensed medicine regulated by legislation, and requiring a prescription for purchase. On the contrary, OTC drugs are medicines directly sold to patients and not requiring a prescription from a healthcare professional, i.e. physician. This paper will solely study marketing techniques tailored for POMs. The researcher chose to study the POM market because it constitutes the main sector of the international pharmaceutical industry; and it is challenging for research because it involves a complex buying and decision making process where patients can only dispense POMs with a physiciansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ prescription (British Medical Association, 2006). The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by multiplicity of market players including physicians, medical representatives, patients, insurance companies, government, health organizations etc. Since physicians are a key determinant for the prescription of POMs (Huh Langteau, 2007); hence the literature review will discuss all the marketing mix strategies used by pharmaceutical firms to influence the Doctors prescription behavior. 2.2 The followings are some of the findings done by researchers on the traditional marketing mix strategies used by pharmaceutical firms: Irin P. et al (2009) emphasized the need for continuous marketing research .There is a real need of continuous pharmaceutical analysis, because it is essential for success to understand the uniqueness of the pharmaceutical industry benefiting of the complex and iterative process that carefully builds a pharmaceutical data warehouse, this being considered a necessity to the strategic direction of any pharmaceutical company facing increased competition and external pressure. The study done by Morgan M.A. et al (2006) shows that Acceptance of drug samples was judged to be ethical by almost all respondents and acceptance of a lucrative consultant ship by just over a half. Respondent s seem to believe that the average doctor is more likely to accept most items and is more likely to be influenced in his or her prescribing practices by accepting an item than they are. A useful study by Gonul et al. (2001) explored the impact of visits by sales representatives and samples, on prescribing. However, the study also showed that excessive detailing or samples did not increase sales further, and that doctors who saw a high proportion of Medicare or Health Maintenance Organization patients were less influenced by promotion. Garima Malik (2011) Said in their study of sales promotion of Dabur India Limited in Indian rural market that the success of business in India will be decided in the future by its success in the heart of India that is the rural market. Harris G., (2009) said that Overall, there is clearly a substantial, though variable, effect from one-to-one drug information delivery. This study adds to our knowledge of the subject and reminds us that there is no such thing as a free lunch; these visits really do result in increased sales. Dr Rajan T. D. believes that the regular visit by a medical representative as per him, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Name is not all what it takes to get into the mind space of a busy doctor. Every product, old or new, requires extensive marketing. Any busy consultant will vouch that if a particular companys medical representative (MR) fails to show up for over a month, he suspects the availability of the products of that manufacturer. Charlene Prounis (2003) has excellently expressed that the relationship between pharma field force and doctors is very important and crucial part Major changes are in the works for sales force and pharma company relations with doctors. If companies fail to address sales repsnegative image, physicians-and possibly governments-are likely to further restrict, or even terminate, the doctor- rep relationship. But companies can take steps to strengthen that bond. Doctors may be unhappy about pharmas huge field force, but they understand that reps have a job to do. Better pharma marketing will make doctors and reps happier. And both sides will benefit. As per Jayakumar, (2008) usual marketing practices followed by most of the large and mid-sized companies include valuable gifts, arranging foreign trips with family and complimentary tickets and memberships for social activities to doctors. Verma (2004) has highlighted one of the important points of give and take relationship as per study, Social scientists describe and the pharmaceutical industry follows the, norm of reciprocity i.e., the obligation to help those who have helped you, as one of the fundamental guiding principle of human interactions. It is not surprising, therefore, that pharmaceutical companies rely on this principle of human nature by giving gifts to doctors in hope that they will prescribe their firms product in return. 2.3 Digital Plateform Pharmaceutical companies need to employ a multichannel approach to fulfill their Physician marketing objective in 2012. Digital in this scenario is becoming the big trend with innovative and integrated solutions. The vast majority of physicians today are digitally active, accessing multiple devices and networks as part of their day-to-day activities. Physicians are increasingly interested in video and social media for personal and professional usage. According to Manhattan Research, 81% of Physicians are expected to own a smart phone by 2012, 79% of Physicians have watched Video clips online and 72% of the Physicians engage in social media, either for personal purposes, professional or both.(UBM Medica-HCPs and social media) (Source: Manhattan Research, 2012) 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This section describes the methodology that will be followed to address the hypotheses or research questions. It includes the research design, sampling method, data collection procedures, research instrumentation and related data analysis 3.1 Research Design Research design provides the basic direction for carrying out a research project so as to obtain answers to research questions. A descriptive research design will be adopted for this study as it involves a collection of quantitative information by conducting a survey. The descriptive research design will thus make predictions and analyse the behaviour of Mauritian consumers with respect to the survey. 3.2 Population and Sample 3.2.1 Target population A research population is a well-defined collection of individuals or objects known to have similar characteristics. All individuals or objects within a certain population usually have a common, binding characteristic or trait. (http://www.experiment-resources.com/research-population.html) The target population for the study will include a representative sample of the Mauritian population. This sample will include Mauritian consumers within different age groups, different locality and different professional backgrounds. 3.2.2 Sampling Method A sample is simply a subset of the population. The concept of sample arises from the inability of the researchers to test all the individuals in a given population. The sample must be representative of the population from which it was drawn and it must have good size to warrant statistical analysis. (http://www.experiment-resources.com/research-population.html) Thus, it is of great importance of ensuring that the appropriate sampling techniques and to design the sampling method to minimize any error or response bias. The appropriate sampling technique that will be adopted for this study will be a quota sampling so as to be able to achieve surveys with consumers of different age groups, different regions and professional backgrounds. 3.2.3 Sample Size To determine the sample size we will need to calculate the necessary sample size for a different combination of levels of precision, confidence level (95%), and variability. The confidence level tells you how sure you can be. It is expressed as a percentage and represents how often the true percentage of the population who would pick an answer lies within the confidence interval. The level of precision also known as the sampling error is the range in which the true value of the population is estimated to be. The 95% confidence level means you can be 95% certain. This range is often expressed in percentage points, (e.g.,  ±5 percent). A proportion of 0.5 indicates the maximum variability in a population. Slovins formula is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a margin of error (e).Therefore the Solvins formula, as described below, will be used to calculate the sample size at 5% level of precision. n = N / (1 + Ne^2) Hence the sample size for this study will be 200. 3.3 The research Instrument The research instrument for this research study will consist of a structured questionnaire so as to prompt relevant information from the respondents, which will constitute primary and secondary sources of data. Through the means of structured questionnaires, responses can be gathered in a standardized way and furthermore it is quicker to collect information using a questionnaire; potentially useful information can be collected from a large portion of a group. Its cost-effective, easy to analyse, reduces bias and is less intrusive than other survey methods. People participating in surveys can complete them whenever they want. Theyre also more likely to respond honestly to questions if they know their answers are anonymous. An open-ended question will encourage the respondents to give a full, meaningful answer while using his knowledge and/or feelings. Whereas, a closed-ended question provides the respondents with a list of answer choices from which they must choice to answer the question. For this particular study, the questionnaire will include both open ended and closed ended questions. The close ended will comprise of dichotomous, multiple choice response, as well as likert scaled information and ratings. The questionnaire will consist of four main sections where: Section A will illustrate the about the factors affecting the Prescription behaviour. (Promotional sources, relationship, price, product characteristics and distribution channels) Section B will illustrate the traditional detailing, skill of detailing of medical representative and the promotional incentives offered by pharmaceutical firm Section C will be focused only if whether or not doctors use digital platforms for medical research. (I-pad, smart phone and social media) Section D will be mainly on Demographic characteristics of the respondents. 3.4 Data Collection Method The choice of data collection mode influences the extent to which the data are affected by each type of non-sampling error and is influenced by the data collection strategy, the type of variables involved, the accuracy required and the data collection points. (http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/418/1/MethodsReviewPaperNCRM-008.pdf) Therefore, a survey method will be adopted for the data collection as this particular research will involve a quantitative phase which will involve the use of a structured questionnaire. Coverage error (also known as sampling frame bias) occurs when not all members of a target population have an equal chance of being selected in the survey sample. This type of error tends to be lower for survey methods that are able to make use of more comprehensive lists for sampling purposes. Data will be collected by scheduling meetings with the different targeted persons identified for the quota based sampling where the questionnaires will be either distributed to the targeted respondents, to be ultimately collected a few days later or will be filled on the spot by the respondents with the help of the interviewer. 3.5 Validity and Reliability Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. It is vital for a test to be valid in order for the results to be accurately applied and interpreted, whereas Reliability has to do with the quality of measurement. In its everyday sense, reliability is the consistency or repeatability of your measures. Validity and Reality will be taken into serious consideration for this study 3.5.1 Pre Testing For a pilot test for many surveys is done for the purpose of testing the full implementation procedures. Pilot tests are usually conducted well in advance of when the survey will be fielded so as to identify and eliminate problems prior to the field phase. 10% of the sample size will be used for pilot testing prior to the data collection phase. The pilot testing will be used for pilot testing prior to the data collection phase. The pilot test will be used to check questions relevancy, by that respondent understands all questions and its rationale behind. 3.5.2 Reliability of data Reliability of data is used to check for internal consistency of data which is measured using coefficient alpha. A reliability coefficient of .70 or higher is considered acceptable for research study. Therefore, for the purpose of this study a Cronbachs alpha of 0.7 or higher will be considered acceptable, and that below 0.75 was regarded as multidimensional. The standardized Cronbachs alpha is as follows: 3.6 Data analysis and interpretation The data file will then be organized and analysed employing the SPSS software version 16.0. Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used for analysis where descriptive statistics will include frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistics will include regression analysis, correlation, chi square, T-test, ANOVA. Significant tests will be conducted at 5% level using p-value as indicator for both significance and hypothesis testing where; Indicator for significance: P-value less than 0.05 = statistical significance P-value greater than 0.05 = no significance Indicators to be used for hypothesis testing: P-value less or equal to 0.05 = reject Null hypothesis (H0) P-value greater than 0.05 = do not reject Null hypothesis (H0) 4.0 EXPECTED OUTPUTS The following results might be expected: Personal selling through medical representative visits and detailing as a powerful tool do influence doctors prescription behaviour. Factors like packaging, availability, stock and expiry date of products also influence doctors dispensing behaviour. Product characteristics (efficacy, side effect, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) do influence the prescription behaviour of doctors. The frequencies of visit of medical representatives do influence the doctors prescription behaviour. Sampling has a great impact on doctors prescription behaviour Tools like clinical trials and studies regarding a certain medicine do have a great impact on doctors; prescription behaviour. Doctors are interested in the publication of generic medicines in medical journals. Building close relations with doctors through public relations activities like table meetings, seminars and presentations are considered as an effective promotional activity. The use of ipad for detailing is an innovative tool to grab doctors attention and is much appreciated by doctors. Doctors prefer to dispense cheaper medicines to Mauritians. Nowadays, Most of the doctors are using smart phones and ipad for medical updates. Many doctors use social media for queries and update about medicines. 5.0 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS In order to protect confidentiality, the data collected will not be revealed to others expect in the form of processed data/information without detailing the identity of the individual responses. Relevant permission will be sought from the concerned authorities prior to administering the questionnaires. 6.0 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The limitation of the study is that not all the targeted doctors will respond due to time constraints. However, the data collected from respondents will be analysed and interpreted within the limited framework allowed. 7.0 CONCLUSION This study will try to identify the key factors of the marketing mix that really has a great impact on doctors prescription behaviour. It will also help generic companies to identify the main influencing factors which might make them be competitive. Personal questions concerning the type of mobile phone used and for which purpose, will try to find out if mobile marketing could be implemented as an important tool for the marketing mix strategies.

Cultural Difference between Mexicans and Americans Essays -- American

Cultural Difference between Mexicans and Americans While Texas leader Stephen Austin initially had no contempt toward Mexicans, the Anglo-American citizens in the area did. The American Texans of the 1800’s defined Mexicans as â€Å"a race alien to everything that Americans held dear† (De Leon 4). This sentiment would serve as the primary catalyst to the Texas secession from Mexico. When Austin began colonizing the area, he envisioned a place in which Anglo-Americans and Tejanos, Mexicans living in Texas, could live together. Eventually, though, the public opinions of North American settlers in the territory and in Washington would make him realize that the goal of unity between the two groups was impossible. There were many cultural bricks laid by Spaniards, English, Mexicans, and Americans, which built a wall of cultural difference between the Mexicans and Americans so massive that it would lead to war. The Spanish and the English laid the first bricks during the sixteenth century. The English viewed the Spanish as â€Å"heartless and genocidal† (De Leon 4). Ironically, the Spaniards’ cruelty to Indians in Latin America was the primary reason for the English’s characterization. The Spaniards devotion to the Roman Catholic Church made the chasm between the predominately Protestant English and the Spanish grow even wider. The Spaniards continued to lay more bricks through their domination and influence over the inhabitants of Mexico. The Catholic Church became Mexico’s â€Å"largest landowner and moneylender† (Cantrell 105). Today America prides itself on religious freedom; however, during the 1800’s America viewed any religion other than Protestant as a threat. The Anglo-Americans laid the largest set of bricks with their be... ...niversity: William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies, 1958. 4.Crane, William Carey. Life and Select Literary Remains of Sam Houston. J.B. Lippincott & Co.: Philadelphia, PA, 1884. 5.Del Castillo, Griswold. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, OK and London, 1990. 6.De Leon, Arnoldo. They Call Them Greasers. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983. 7.Hitsman, J. Mackay. â€Å"The Texan War of 1835-1836†. History Today. 1960 10 (2). 8.Lester, Charles Edwards. Life of Sam Houston. J.C. Derby: New York, 1885. 9.Long, Walter Ewing. Stephen F. Austin’s Legacies. Steck-Vaughn Co.: Austin, TX, 1970. 10.Stenberg, Richard R. â€Å"The Texas Schemes of Jackson and Houston, 1829-1836†. Social Science Quarterly. 1970 50(4). 11.Weber, David J. The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982.

How to Succeed in College

THE COMPLETE SUMMARY PART I GETTING ORIENTED ACADEMICALLY Chapter 1 : Making the Academic Adjustment to College. 1. 1Comparisons between high school and college. In college you will be more academically independent and responsible to yourself because you need to make decision for yourself in order to achieve great academic performance. Besides that, you may have a lot of work need to be done when you entering the college. In college, class meetings is fewer and students is given the freedom to practice develop sense of responsibility.Students in college also need to take initiative to make a contact with instructor to make the instructor get to know you. 1. 2Reasons for Attending College. You maybe in college to earn degree to become more educated, to become certified for a particular job or to make money after earning the degree. You may wish to think of earning a degree as the practical and immediate outcome of your college experience. But, acquiring an education is an important an d satisfying achievement in itself. Try to see these goals as complementary rather than conflicting. 1. 3The Purpose of College.Acquiring an education can enhance your self-esteem. To the extent that the degree represents effort and achievement, a college degree can give you the satisfaction of acquiring knowledge and developing new skills. Education provides the means that can change the way you think, process information and perceive the world. 1. 4College as a System. The basic requirement for earning a college degree is to complete the number of credits needed. Be sure you understand the requirements of your degree program, understand your college policies for first year students.If you don’t understand a policy, consult with academic advisor. A college also develops a core curriculum. Most educators agree that students should study something in addition to their area of specialization to broaden their expertise. 1. 5Important of Grades. Making good of grade is a badge of effort, a sign of achievement. There are also other requirement that includes in grade which is attendance, class participation and written work. If you find yourself getting low in many courses, seek help immediately. 1. 6Calculating Your Grade Point Average (GPA).To calculate your GPA , you convert your letter grades to numbers. These numbers are stipulated by your college. In most college, an A = 4. 00, a B = 3. 00, a C = 2. 00, a D = 1. 00 and a F = 0. 00. college calculates pluses (+) and minuses (-) differently. 1. 7Final Course Grades. You must ensure that you understand how each instructor computes the final grade. Ask, if it’s not clear, how much weight is assigned to each of the following ; written assignments, class participation, quizzes and tests, midterm and final examinations and any special project. Chapter 2 : Managing Your Time. 2. 1Using Time Effectively.To begin making more productive use of your time, you need to know that not only how you have been spen ding it, but also how you want to use your time more effectively. It is important that you be clear in your mind about what things are important to you and how you can find time to devote to them. 2. 2Changing Your Attitude Toward Time. To help you get through difficulty in making time for both the things you have to do, try to remember why you came to college and remind yourself of your goals and what is required to achieve them. Realize too, periods in your life when your free time seem minimal will eventually end. . 3Developing Strategies to Use Your Time Productively. First, you must scheduling your time by arrange a master schedule of everything you do. It help you to adjust fixed routines. You can develop schedules for different purposes and different stretches of time. You can start by creating a monthly calendar. By that, you can get a closer view and remind yourself of which obligations are imminent and which remain a few weeks away. 2. 4The Problem of Procrastination. To p rocrastinate means to delay – sometimes, to delay to the point of not doing the thing at all.People tend to procrastinate because they don’t enjoy the thing or you afraid of failing at something. Besides that, you may procrastinate because you are disorganized. 2. 5Techniques for Avoiding Procrastination. Breaking a large task down into smaller, more manageable parts is a practical and useful approach. Let your interest and your momentum carry you. Besides that, you can reward yourself for completing tasks given. You also can leave extra time by plan to finish the task given before the deadline and then revise it. Chapter 3 : Getting the Most from Your Courses. 3. 1Syllabus.You need to understand the course requirement by reading the syllabus given. Then, you might comment on the syllabus by get in the habit of questioning course requirements so that you understand exactly what will be expected of you. You also might need understand the responsibility of attending clas s well. You also need to ensure that you note the instructor’s name, the location of their office and their office hours. You also must know the nature of the examinations and the requirement on written work. You should asking about the grading to know how your instructor evaluate your performance. Chapter 4 : Getting To Know Your Instructors. . 1Knowing the academic rank. There are a few instructor that the students need to know when they entering college like professor, assistant professor, lecturer and instructor. Excellent, good, average and bad teacher exist at every rank. What earns faculty promotion from one rank to another at research institution is professional activity usually in the form of research and publication. However, they become college teachers because their enjoy sharing their knowledge with others. 4. 2Asking question in class and out. In class, students must active to participate in question and answer sessions.You should not afraid to ask question to y our lecturer. Under the best circumstances, an instructor will allow time for student question even in large lecture course. Your question can give an instructors clearer sense how well he or she is communicating essential concept and issue. You can also go to the her office during the regularly scheduled-office hours. 4. 3Seeking help. If you are having the trouble in a course, whether that trouble be related to understanding difficult concepts, to completing projects or adjusting to the social or intellectual climate in the classroom, speak to the lecturer about it.One more thing don’t afraid for ask an appointment and let instructor know what you do understand and identify precisely where your trouble lies. Ask lecturer for advice about what else you can do beyond attending to his or her explanation. 4. 4Conferring with instructor. You should be aware of some ground rules for student-teacher conferences. First remember that you are visiting an instructor in his or her depa rtment office, as this will be the most likely meeting place. Second, be clear about how long the meeting will last. Third, make effective and efficient use your time with instructor.Fourth, observe rules of academic etiquette. Fifth, if you feel need for greater privacy, you can ask for it. 4. 5Choosing your instructor You can choose by the instructor’s official reputation. You can be guide by student course evaluation or go by hearsay. You can also meet the instructor yourself, request a syllabus and act on your impressions and instincts. You can ask about upcoming course, and you can explain your interested in the subject. Chapter 5 : Learning About College Support Services. 5. 1Computer Labs. You will find the university computer lab an extremely important resource.If you know that you will be using the computer center to draft and revise your written assignments, find out from the staff not only when the center is open but also when it is use most heavily. If you have yo ur own computer, find out how to link up with the university computer. Visit the computer lab for specific information on using its facilities and services. 5. 2Language Labs. You’ll need to know what restrictions may be put upon your use and what the sign up and sign in procedures may be. You can expect to find the language lab equipped with individual headphones and tape players.But you will also find the book, magazines, and newspaper in the languages taught at your college and perhaps in a few that or not. 5. 3Workshop, Tutorials, Lecturers. Most university or college offer workshop, tutorials, meetings, informal discussion in connection with such university resources as computer and language labs. As a student we must take advantage from this chance or facility provided by university to us as student. Use them properly and as a way to increase the scope of your college experience. 5. 4Club and Other Activities. Club membership can be an academic experience as well as a s ocial one.It can also give you a chance to develop practical skill related to your major or your career ambitions. It provided you with a chance to relax and have fun with doing thing you enjoy. They can improve your skill and enrich your academic experience. 5. 5Career Planning. Find out what office handles career planning, job responsible and internships. Even though you may be a first year student, you should inquire about career planning services, and internship, for you might be surprised to learn about opportunities for which you qualify even now.You might receive useful advice about how to plan for your career from experienced and knowledgeable counselors. 5. 6Counseling and Support Service. Your college or university will offer many kind of support services, some of them more directly related to our academic concern. Perhaps you may be qualified to help provided services in one of these areas because of your background or experience. And you may discover that some of the ser vices these additional university resources make available can make a difference not only in your overall college experience but in your academic performance and success as well. . 7Volunteer Organizations. Your school or college also offer opportunities for you do a volunteer work such as community services. Some university offer academic credit for various types of social action and volunteer action or work. Through volunteer work you can improve your faculty with a foreign language, develop your social conscience, enrich your spiritual sense of self. PART II DEVELOPING ACADEMIC CONFIDENCE Chapter 6 : Improving Study and Notetaking Skills. 6. 1Developing Notetaking Skills. 6. 1. 1Rules for Notetaking. The first rule for good notetaking is to be prepared.It involves the studying you do before class like reading assigned chapters, doing exercises and also bringing the necessary tools to class whatever you need to take good notes. 6. 1. 2Finding a Place to Sit. Find a place in the cl assroom or lecture hall where you are comfortable and from which you can see and hear the instructor clearly. More closer to the front you are, more fewer distractions you will receive from other students. However, being in good spot enables you to concentrate better on classwork and makes notetaking easier. 6. 1. 3Listening Guidelines. You can improve your listening skills by following these guidelines.Firstly, you must ready to listen for unexpected detail and the unusual examples, be a focused rather than a distracted listener, find ways to connect what is said with what you know, identify key points and supporting details, be an active rather than passive listener – try to anticipate, ask question about anything unclear and participate as much as you can. 6. 1. 4Attending to Handwriting. Strive to write clearly, if it slows you down. You may even wish to print especially important information. If have serious problems with handwriting, you may able to use a notebook compu ter a tape recorder.If can, develop your own form of shorthand. Be consistent in your use of abbreviations and symbols so that you can remember later what it stand for. 6. 1. 5Watching and Noticing. Watch you instructor closely. Nonverbal signs may be used to emphasize a point. If the instructor writes something on the board, be sure to write it down. Besides that, this also a way to be involved and attentive in class because your instructors expect you to pay attention to them. 6. 1. 6Participating in Class. Many classes require participation. You should try to participate as fully as possible.Ask question, respond to the instructor, comment further on discussion initiated by the instructor or by students. You can keep focus, take better note on the important aspects of class discussion. By discussion, have a greater chance to remember material enlivened especially if you participated actively. 6. 2Notetaking Techniques. 6. 2. 1It isn’t necessary to write everything down. Yo u may wish to use the Cornell Notetaking System by Walter Pauk of Cornell University. To use this method, draw a line down the page 2 inches or so from the left margin and draw a second line across the page 2 inches or so from the bottom.With your page divided into three areas, you have space to record different kind of notes. Second one is by using a double-column notebook by Ann E. Berthoff, formerly of the University Massachusetts at Boston. You can simply divide page into two parts . 6. 2. 2There are also other notetaking strategies such as underlining. Underlining is a system of checkmarks or symbols in the margin of your text. You just underline important factual passage and highlight important ideas. 6. 2. 3Annotating also is the notetaking strategies by putting brief annotations or notes in the margins.Marginal notations can be question, reactions, objections or symbols question marks ( ) to indicate places where the text confuses you. 6. 2. 4Some final suggestion for noteta king strategies is to organize both your class and reading notes, label and date your notes, edit and revise your notes, separate your comments and observation from the ideas of your instructor. 6. 3Improving Study Skills. 6. 3. 1To best study is by finding a suitable study environment. For example, a desk or table with ample space for you to spread out your books, papers and notes. Good environment to study is a place free of distraction. 6. 3. You also need to mapping out a schedule of study time. Ideally, you should try study at times when you are most alert and do your work best. You must also manage and allocate sufficient time to prepare for classes and reviewing notes. 6. 3. 3Before you start studying, you need to setting goals for studying. You need to have an idea of what you want to accomplish and how long you plan on studying to reach your goal. 6. 3. 4Other than that, you need to improve your understanding. First, you need to translate into your words what you recorded f rom your instructor. If you able to translate it, it show you really understand it.You must not forget to preview what are you studying before you start a chapter. Different with review, which you do it quickly when you finish studying. 6. 4Remembering what you have studied. 6. 4. 1The first principle of remembering is you cannot remember what you have not learned. The second is, be selective. You not be able to remember everything. And the third principle is associate what you are learning with what you already know. 6. 4. 2There are some time-honored techniques for you to remember details. First is mnemonics which memorize by linking them in easy-to-remember way.You may learned by create a rhythm. The second is by acronyms which means a word that made up of the first letters of a series of words. You can create your own one to help you remember sets of details and key concepts. Chapter 7 : Taking Quizzes, Tests and Examinations. 7. 1Types of tests. Tests is a set of questions that when answered demonstrates how much or how little you know about the subject. Quizzes is a brief and cover a small amount of material perhaps the reading for a single class. An examination is a chance to redeem yourself if you are well prepared. 7. Preparing for Tests and Exams. Your long-term preparation for tests and examinations includes faithful class attendance, careful class preparation, reviewing and notetaking. Your long-term preparation essentially includes everything you can and you should do in taking the course seriously. Your short-term preparation for tests can be vary widely. For a course in which you have been doing the work commendably all along, you may need no more than a once over lightly. 7. 3Studying for Tests and Exams. What will enable you to use your study time effectively is by finding a comfortable place to study.Besides that, manage your time. If you study best in the morning, don’t schedule your heaviest exam prep at night. You also need to set y our goals for your study sessions. Try to accomplish something specific at each session. After accomplishing one of your goals, reward yourself. 7. 4Types of Question in Tests and Exams. First, there may be a true-false questions which needed you to mark first all the questions you are confident are true or false. Multiple-choice questions also are among the most difficult for students it often contain two apparently correct responses.Fill-in questions require you to complete a statement by introducing words or phrases that you supply yourself. And lastly, essay questions. In this essay questions, you need to write an essay whether it short essay or long essay. Chapter 8 : Reading with Understanding. 8. 1Developing an Ability to Read. Reading actively with you pen in hand, you can underlining, annotating and jotting notes. You also can reading reflectively by reading slowly and deliberately . Besides that, you can reading interpretively where you reading to understand.Lastly, readin g evaluatively by reading to evaluate the persuasiveness of what you read. 8. 2Reading and Interpretation. You need to interpret to make sense of something. Besides that, in interpretations, you can making inferences. An inferences is a statement we make about what we don’t know based on what we do know. Your inferences will lead you to an understanding of what you are reading 8. 3Reading and Imagination. When we read, we imagine a voice in our heads or a figure and character behind the voice. Imagination leads you to think, shift perspectives, understand another’s point of view.Chapter 9 : Developing Thinking Skills. 9. 1Comparing Creative and Logical Thinking. CREATIVE THINKING| LOGICAL THINKING| Puts things together and synthesizing them| Analyse thinking and taking them part| Generates new ideas| Develops and evaluates ideas that have already been formulated| Explores many alternatives, it is unconcerned with being right in every particular| Focus on finding a sing le answer and being right at each step of way| Is inclusive, admitting all ideas no matter how trivial or outrageous they may seem| Is selective, screening out and eliminating unpromising possibilities| . 2Techniques of Creative Thinking. There are many ways to develop the ability to think creatively as establish a quota of alternatives. You can generate many alternatives as seem reasonable. In reversing relationship, you need to turn something around and approach in from an opposite direction. This can spur you to think creatively. Besides that, creative thinking can be develop by denying the negatives. A poor idea may lead to better one. You also can asking question in order to thinking creatively because most productive kinds of question lead to further thought. 9. Overcoming Obstacles to Creative Thinking. 9. 3. 1Perceptual Blocks. This block inhabit ability to make sense of what we are looking at. They interfere with our thinking by blocking what we can see. To overcoming it, y ou need to learned how to see new things with patience, effort and practice observing and noticing. 9. 3. 2Cultural Blocks. This block may derive from your connection with particular ethnic, racial and intellectual traditions as well as from your class and gender. It blocks limit and inhibit thinking. To avoid this block, you need to recognize and acknowledge it and be aware of it. . 3. 3Intellectual Blocks. This blocks is a obstacle to knowledge. You also may lack the skill to express the ideas effectively. To break through an intellectual block, you need either to acquire additional information and you must use effective way, study, review and prepare yourself. 9. 3. 4Emotional Blocks. Occurs when feelings inhibit thinking. This include fears and anxieties. This lead inhibit your ability to speak your mind and impede your creativity. You have to overcome your aversion to whatever inhibits your thought and learn to tolerate ambiguity. 9. . 5Oppositional Blocks. Oppositional blocks result from polarizing, or setting up manually exclusive categories without providing a middle ground between them. Considering degree or extent pushes you to consider gradations and to make distinction can make you explore to be more critical thinker. Chapter 10 : Becoming Familiar with Your College Library. 10. 1Uses of College Library. The library as a repository of information where you can find answers to every kind of question. Besides that, the library also as a general source which suitable to read and relax.Apart from that, library also is a great place to study. 10. 2Finding Books. 10. 2. 1 Accessing Books Using the Library Catalogue. You need to know using the online library catalogue. An integrated catalogue combines author, title and subject information in a single catalogue system arranged alphabetically. This the most efficient integrated catalogue. 10. 2. 2 Accessing Books Using Online Computerized Databases. Computerized databases will speed your search for books an d they provide enormous amounts of information quickly and easily. 10. 3Getting the Books.When you have identified the book’s location, you need to locate it on the shelf. To do this, follow the library’s key or map to its storage of books. Look along the shelf at the other titles, you may found something useful. If you have problem to looking books, you can help from library staff to glean information from experts. 10. 4Library’s Special Resources. Your university library will probably have other resources besides books and periodicals you may find helpful. These may include art, audio, video and special collection, government documents, CD-ROM Database, internet and online database.PART III LOOKING BEYOND THE FIRST YEAR Chapter 11 : Choosing a Major and Planning a Course of Study. 11. 1Learning about Majors. Talk to professors in the field that seem promising by set up an appointment and ask also about the job prospects. You should visit the career services of fice and speak to a counselor about your interest. 11. 2Choosing a Major. Many baccalaureate programs require you to devote your first two years to a wide range of general subjects. Usually, a major concentration is organized by a specific academic department.Choose a major that you interest and pleasure to learn and how it can develop your critical and creative thinking skills. 11. 3Planning Your Major with an Advisor. Once you decide on a major or concentration, the first thing to do is seen advisor to review the college’s major requirement. It is to help you understand all departments requirement. Begin to discuss an overall plan for your college coursework. 11. 4Double and Minor Majors. You might consider taking a double major because it separates you from vast majority of students who will only have only one major.It also increase your option work and offer you unusual intellectual opportunity. You might taking minor because you want to increase the range and versatile o f your academic program. 11. 5Independent Study. Offers you to work closely with a faculty member in designing, planning and pursuing course of study. It also offers you a chance to work intensively on a project of your own. To qualify for independent study, students often are required to achieved a particular GPA. Chapter 12 : College As Preparation for The Future. 12. College As Preparation for Work. College should provide you with the skills to perform competently in the workplace. What you learn at college should be useful and transferable to what you doing after graduation. 12. 2College As Preparation for Profesional Study. A preparation for a career in business. College is also to some extent a preparation for future study, whether that study be formal or informal, avocational or professional. It is also a simply way to encourage you to project beyond what you can see and know. 12. 3College As Preparation for Life.Many of challenges you face in college are mirrored by challeng es you face beyond it. In college, you develop a sense of responsibility and independence so you can rely on it later. College is the place to discover these interests and to nurture them. DISCUSSION OF MAIN ISSUE. Part one concerns getting oriented academically. Meaning that, the student will making the academic adjustment to college by managing their time, getting the most of the courses, getting to know the instructors and learning about college support service. In this part, it explains how the college system works.Besides that, it also provide the tips on how you should spend your time. It also includes advice to working with instructors which focuses interaction between students and faculty inside and outside the classroom. This part also focuses on a academic support service and on related curricular resources available at most schools. The second part of the book, provide tools about how to develop academic confidence in students. First we discuss about improving study and n otetaking skills. It give how to reinforce the successful study habits and effective notetaking strategies.Then, we discuss about taking test and examinations. We found that, it describes different kinds of test and how to prepare for it effectively. Besides that, we also discuss about reading with understanding. Reading is important not merely for acquiring information but also in developing thinking skills, especially ability to analyze and interpret. In this chapter it focus more on various strategies for improving ability to think creatively. Lastly we discuss about becoming familiar with college or university library which gives us information to well used the library.In part three, the main issue is looking beyond the first year that discussing on choosing a major and planning a course of study and college as preparation for the future. It provide us practical advice if we unsure about a choice of major. By choosing a major and planning a course of study advocates careful plan ning so that courses can be related rather than remaining as isolated islands of academic experience. Entering college or university is as the preparation for the students future which means preparation for work, preparation for professional study and lastly preparation for life.COMMENTS OF BOOK. We found that, How to Succeed in College can help students achieve good grades by providing some tips to success. We think that, How to Succeed in College also help students to acquire the confidence , competence and knowledge they need in order to maximize their learning potential. This book also help the student to understand how the college system work. This book also invites us to think seriously about why we attend college and what we will do there. All of us agree if the students read this book, they will more tend to think, write, talk and listen critically.In addition, we found that this book provide assumptions that a strong education is the best preparation for living and working in a complex world so that the generations can prepared themselves to facing new world. The book also focusing on practical methods to improve the student academic performance. In conclusion, we think the book well explain to us on how to achieve a good future by choosing the course that we want with addition tips and guidelines to success in college.

Should Extreme Sports Be Banned as They Put People’s Lives at Risk?

Extreme sports have become popular in the last two decades. For may people practising them is the only way of living. For them the adrenaline is the most important thing in their lives and that’s why they must try even more and more dangerous things. But, of course, that’s not the only reason. Extreme sports are trendy and many people practise them just because of that fact. It’s true, that extreme sports, like bungee jumping, canyoning, rafting, ice climbing, snowboarding, surfing, parachute jumping, paragliding or mountaineering always bring a risk.Even if you are very good sportsman you must know that only one, small mistake can be very dangerous and can cause your death. Alhought many people die every year making extreme sports, the number of â€Å"courageous† is higher and higher. But its question of choice what are we doing in ours lives. For many people extreme sports are the only way of living. They have to feel adrenaline, they want to break their own records, they want to feel free.They usually say: â€Å"there is a risk, there is a fun†, but they know that they do it at one's peril. Extreme sports often are an escape from reality, from stress and from monotony. You don’t have to think about your problems. You just think about yourself, you can relax, and prove that you can do things which are admired by other people. There is even a special TV channel- â€Å"Extreme Sports†, where everyone can watch amazing tricks, and crazy people who make that extreme sports are more and more popular in the world.But it’s impossible to write what do the people feel during making extreme sports. You must try yourself to know how huge survival it is. And if you do it one time, it’s very possible that you will do it often. But the question is if â€Å"should extreme sports be banned as they put people’s lives at risk? † And my answer is â€Å"definitely not†. As I said, It’s que stion of our choices. If you want to fell more adrenaline than extreme sports are very good way. And even if the extreme sports were banned, people would do it still.

hogwatch essays

hogwatch essays During the last twenty years, industrial livestock farms have been replacing the traditional family size farms that once raised most of the nations swine. The number of livestock animals produced in the United States has grown modestly in the past two decades, but the number of farms raising them has slunk dramatically because large producer now dominate the market. The large increase in industry farming has led to large quantities of manure. The over abundance of manure has become a problem that leads to problem with Pollution, heated debates between the industries and societies (people of the community), ways to try and find solutions for the pollution. Today, large live stock operations look more like animal factories than animal Farms. The farms usually consist of several metal barns, each containing several hundred to several thousand animals tightly confined. The floors in the barns are slatted so manure can be flushed away. The manure is pumped into open-air lagoons, which are large, shallow pits dug into the ground, where it is stored until it can be pumped out irrigate fields. The solid manure sinks to the bottom of the lagoons and is broken down by anaerobic bacteria over several months. The liquid rises to the top and is collected and sprayed over nearby fields. Many problems come with lagoons North Carolina is one of the top hog producing states in the country. On June 21, 1995, North Carolina suffered the largest agricultural waste spill in its history: a 7.5-acre, 12-foot-deep lagoon leaked 25 million gallons of hog waste into the headwaters of the New river near Richmonds. The waste from the 10,000-head operation, owned by Ocean view Farms, contaminated the water for several miles downstream, increasing the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients. When nutrient levels increase dramatically in rivers and other bodies of water, algae grow furiously, consuming most of he dissolve...

The Emperors Old Cloths Essays

The Emperors Old Cloths Essays The Emperors Old Cloths Essay The Emperors Old Cloths Essay Ariel Dorfman;s The Empire;s Old Clothes is a one of a kind book that examines the hidden cultural backdrops of popular children;s literature. Though it is widely known that books such as the Little Prince have profound meanings underneath the basic storyline, it would be a shock for many to discover that even stories of Babar and the Lone Ranger convey hidden biases and cultural significance to its readers. The Empire;s Old Clothes is very descriptive in its arguments and analyzes in detail the significances of each cartoonish episode. Indeed everything from European imperialism to differences in family structure as shown by Babar and Disney are discussed. Darfman;s book illustrates that though Disney stories lacks the imagination and historical accuracy blatant in De Brunhoff;s Babar, they each reflect some cultural truths of their respective cultures. The French story of Babar written by De Brunhoff is a series of original tales that describe a society of personified elephants. Unlike Disney;s stories, this French story conveys a ;mission civilisatrice;, or a civilizing mission, in which De Brunhoff underlines the stories with lessons on how to grow and mature. On the surface, this mission is similar to the stories about Madeline, the little French girl who always gets herself into mischief, then after having been rescued, teaches her young audience a fun lesson. Babar;s civilizing mission, however, involves more than lessons for children. In his books, the jungle is the continent of Africa, and the town is Paris. The society of brutish elephants is undoubtedly the African society previous to the arrival of The Old Lady, who is the epitome of Western civilization. With these ;geographical disguises;, De Brunhoff civilizes two cultures at once. ;Elephant and children, both small savages, will finally reach a point at which they must as

Marduk the Mesopotamian Creation God

Marduk the Mesopotamian Creation God Marduk- also know as Bel or Sanda- is a Babylonian creator god who defeats an earlier generation of water gods to form and populate the earth, according to the earliest written creation epic, the Enuma Elish, which is presumed to have heavily influenced the writing of Genesis I in the Old Testament. Marduks acts of creation mark the start of time and are commemorated annually as the new year. Following Marduks victory over Tiamat, the gods assemble, celebrate, and honor Marduk by conferring 50 name attributes on him. Marduk Gains Power Over the Gods Marduk became prominent in Babylonia, thanks historically to Hammurabi. Nebuchadnezzar I was the first to officially acknowledge that Marduk was head of the pantheon, in the 12th century B.C. Mythologically, before Marduk went into battle against the salt-water god Tiamat, he obtained power over the other gods, with their volition. Jastrow says, despite his primacy, Marduk always acknowledges Eas priority. The Many Names of Marduk Marduk, having received 50 names, received epithets of other gods. Thus, Marduk may have been associated with Shamash as a  sun god and with Adad as a storm god. According to A Dictionary of World Mythology, there was a henotheistic tendency in the Assyro-Babylonian pantheon that led to the incorporation of various other gods within Marduk. Zagmuk, the spring equinox new years festival marked the resurrection of Marduk. It was also the day the Babylonian kings powers were renewed. Sources Studies in Marduk, by W. G. Lambert. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (1984).Sennacherib and Tarsus, by Stephanie Dalley. Anatolian Studies (1999).The civilization of Babylonia and Assyria, by Morris Jastrow (1915)

Mise-en-scene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mise-en-scene - Essay Example Mise en scene hence is the collection of all such elements from characterization to their delivery which have the highest regard in stage setting The recent block buster movies American Hustle and the Wolf of Wall Street although had many similarities and differences was much of a battle against Leonardo Di Caprio’s acting against the versatility of Christian Bale. There are many comparisons that can be made in both movies in respect to the story line, visual style; characterization etc but both movies provide premium quality of movie time. The major comparison that is to be put in mind is the fiction VS non-fiction in terms of themes. The Wolf of Wall Street is based on a real life story whereas American Hustle is a fiction movie. Throughout the comparison of the two movies there are techniques used for the viewer to understand their meaning. This is done through character placing in the frame and the detailing of which is explained further. Based on the memoir, the Wolf of Wall Street theme is based on the con artist and his group of friends he trains towards becoming stock brokers who sell penny stocks. The theme is based entirely towards becoming rich in the booming Wall Street economy in the 80’s. Jordan Belfort’s 22 months in prison produced such a great memoir that when applied into screenplay gave one of the best productions. The movie proceeds as Jordan tries to move from a low level life towards being engaged as a small level stock broker in the heart of New York City from where the company collapses and he is left with no earnings. Trying to find a job he then joins the suburban group of people who try to lazily sell the penny stocks of companies who are never able to make it to the main market. Through his persuasion skills, he is then able to make a profitable account by selling penny stocks and then starts to set up his own team. Now being involved in

The Paradox of Brand Boratistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Paradox of Brand Boratistan - Essay Example spective, as the saying goes, any publicity is good publicity, so many people see Cohen’s movie as actually brining wanted attention to the country. It is the overall assumption of the current report that in the movie, the character Borat mostly represented Kazahkstan in terms of very negative stereotypes that hurt the country’s national image, especially during a time in which this image was nascent. In other words, before this nation can be known for something positive, it is already in a mud-bath of bad publicity depicting the country’s men as pigs and women as abused and ignorant. Overall, Borat as a character represents very negative stereotypes. The movie doesn’t spend much time in the fictional Kazakhstan of wherever it was filmed, but what time is spent there, early in the movie, hits some very hard notes of satire for this very brief period. The audience sees Kazakhstan as a place where donkeys pull half-trucks around unpaved towns, where the men are unafraid to involve their own family in pornography, and where there is no discernable place of culture or development. Then, the movie goes into the infamous and offensive scene of the Kazakhstan parade, in which the â€Å"Jew egg† hatches and the villagers celebrate in a ritual of merry and explicit anti-Semitism. This is not incisive, cutting sarcasm; the weapon is more of a cudgel. And the target, unfortunately, is Kazakhstan. The national image of the country is invariably negative, and, as one Kazakhstan resident complains on the internet, â€Å"Unfortunately, in todays world where every thing is about image, when somebody with influence spills mud on you it sticks. I havent watched Borat but read about him everywhere. I think this character is irrevocably damaging Kazakhstans reputation as a country where abuse of women is common and all men are macho fools† (National, 2009). From another perspective, however, one could argue that Borat is a fictional character, protected by free speech,

Sainsbury Supermarket Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sainsbury Supermarket - Case Study Example The 2008 outlook also reports that downside risk to the outlook seems more threatening that at the time of the September 2007 outlook. This is because oil price declines since last august and generally benign global financial conditions have helped to limit spillovers from the corrections in the US housing market and to contain inflation pressures. (IMF World Economic Outlook, 2008). Thus, multinational companies must rethink their global strategies, in the phase of foreign exchange rate and falling price of oil. The present circumstances make them victims of foreign exchange risk and exposures. Against this background, the purpose of this paper is three fold. The study first of all is aimed at carrying out an analysis of the impact of foreign exchange exposure on a United Kingdom UK based retail company-Sainsbury Supermarket. In the second part of the paper, the paper analysis the impact of capital investment appraisal tools on the activities of Sainsbury group. In the third part of the paper the paper asses the impact of share valuation on Sainsbury group. The last section of the paper presents conclusion and a brief recommendation to the company's management on how to go about getting the best from foreign currency exposures. Like macroeconomic analysis the analysis of the industry i... In the third part of the paper the paper asses the impact of share valuation on Sainsbury group. The last section of the paper presents conclusion and a brief recommendation to the company's management on how to go about getting the best from foreign currency exposures. 1.1 Brief Overview of Sainsbury Supermarket Like macroeconomic analysis the analysis of the industry is important because it enables the analysts to make abnormal profits arising from information asymmetry between the proper analyst and competitors who fail to carry out a proper analysis. Just as it is difficult for a firm to do well in a poor macroeconomic environment, so too is it difficult for a firm to perform well in a troubled industry. (Bodie et al, 2002). Similarly, as performance can vary across countries, so too does it vary across industries. (Bodie et al, 2002). According to the company, (2008) report, J Sainsbury plc is a United Kingdom-based food retailer with interests in financial services. The main activities of the company are in the groceries, related retailing and financial services. According to the corporate report, J Sainsbury plc consists of 504 supermarkets and 319 convenience stores and Sainsbury's bank. Sainsbury's Online is the Company's Internet-based home delivery shopping service, which operates from 97 stores. Bells Stores operates a chain of 54 convenience stores in north east England. Jackson's Stores operates a chain of 114 stores across Yorkshire and the North Midlands in the United Kingdom. Sainsbury's Bank, owned by J Sainsbury plc and HBOS plc group, offers a range of products, including savings and loan products. The Company's businesses are organised into two operating divisions: 1.2

The impact of celebrity endorsement Coursework

The impact of celebrity endorsement - Coursework Example Marketing has always been a challenge and more so for products that are costlier as the customers for the same are restricted in numbers due to need for higher purchasing power. The common products of daily use are a must for all, and although the marketers need to push these products too, due to high competition by similar products, the real test for marketing lies in pushing the highly priced premium products like watches that can only attract discerning buyers who wish to be seen as a class apart from the ordinary buyer. Brands like Rolex, Omega and Breitling fall under this category of products. The rationale of a watch is to show accurate time and almost any watch can serve the purpose. However their class, premium features, speciality materials, extraordinary quality and their aura command certain respect from both the customer and the onlooker. They exude an aura for the user and awe of the observer. What motivates the customer to buy them? How are these marketed? Is value created through normal advertising or does it need special advertising support in form of celebrity endorsement? 2.0 Advertisement Companies need to advertise in order to spearhead their marketing efforts. Earlier advertisements were informative in nature and were used to convey the properties of the products and their general usefulness. Price information became a part of advertisement in order to bring home the point about it being affordable and competitive. The homogeneity of many products needed some distinguishing factors and for this branding of products was the new method of distinctiveness. A company could have different brands for a variety of products. Later even the branding of the company became an identifying factor for excellence of products or service. 2.1 Medium of Advertisements The first medium was the print media as this was the prevalent mass method and targeted consumers could read about the products. Rival companies made campaigns out of such advertisements and from positive advertisements portraying the

Religious Message Of Steve Jobs Biography Essay

Religious Message Of Steve Jobs Biography - Essay Example This is particularly apparent in the transition that Jobs faced when he was ousted from his own company Apple but carried on to be a founder of Pixar, and took big steps in terms of opening up and being vulnerable to the presence of others in his life, for example, accepting his daughter Lisa. This message present and demonstrated through the idea of redemption because Jobs provides a second chance to many others in his life, and is also given a second chance to improve relationships with people, before he finds out that he has been diagnosed with cancer. Steve Jobs was a great man. The reason why I have chosen Steve Jobs as the reference to this article in terms of underlying a religious message is because Steve Jobs propogated through his practices and his speeches, the importance of doing what we love, the importance of connecting the dots in terms of following the gut feeling, ands lastly the importance to live tastefully. This paper will underline the moral story with respect to living life in the way we believe and without listening to other’s opinions. Steve Jobs also believed in doing great things, and this will be an added part of the moral story which will be discussed in this paper. Each and every paragraph has detailed instances from Steve Jobs’ life and will demonstrate the religious and moral message throuugh the examples from his life. When Steve Jobs was a budding entreprenuer, he often labelled himself as an artist. He ofent remarked that he saw himself as an artist, and also mentioned the fact that every beautiful thing in this world was conceptualised to be an art, and we were mere propogators of art. This leaves a very strong message of religious morality that in life, we should see beauty in every way possible, and should not discard any object in order to negate its beauty. At times, we embark on things and find ourselves craving for our notion of beauty and aesthetics, however, according to the experience of Jobs, it is very crucial to understand the aspect of beauty in every form it is in present to us. Jobs beileved that the present is a gift which has been given to us by God, and that we hsould live in the present and try to make it better without having the regret of making mistakes in the past, along with living without the mountain of guilt surrounding our negative feelings of the past. The best way to live without it is to defeat the mountain, negate the bad feelings and look forwards from a fresh perspective in life. Another aspect from Steve Jobs’ life which can be mentioned here to demonstrate the moral message sent by him was when he had ust started the company called Apple. He laid the foundation of Apple on a note which is quoted below: â€Å"We are going to change the status quo, we are the pirates, we have come to refute the nacissm of the giant IBM† The aboe mentioned quote sent shockwaves to the computing world. No one before had the courage to challenge the might of IBM. At that time, the morality of Steve Jobs was governed by the belief that everthing is supposed to change, change is the only constant, and the old should be changed with the new to bring a fresh perspective in life. With this idea and philosphy, Steve Jobs challenged the might of the IBM. The moral of the story is that one should not confine to the same things for ever and ever, as there is a potential to change. The might of the old and big will come down if the services they provide do not land up in the right context. It is unhealthy to live without competition, and with

Dispute Settlement DB-3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dispute Settlement DB-3 - Research Paper Example One of the major markets of GM is China with 2.3 million vehicles sold in 2010, a 29 percent increase from 2009. GM attributes this increase in sales to the economic stimulus incentives in place in China. According to David Chen, the Vice President for GM, China Group, the government encourages local production of vehicles in China without considering whether the manufacturer is a domestic or foreign company (China Business Review, 2011). Furthermore in 2010, the government issued a policy that it will give an incentive of $460 rebates on the purchase of fuel efficient cars. This policy serves GM well because 26 vehicles manufactured by GM in China qualify for the rebate. Another international policy in China that proves beneficial to GM is that the government allows the use of lesser grade steel (Muller, 2010). This can be translated to a lower cost in manufacturing a car for China. International policies such as the above cited have positive impacts on the sales of GM; thus, the China market is a major market for GM. Even as early as 1997, GM already foresaw that China will be a big market for them; therefore, they invested in a joint venture with the Shanghai Automotive Industry Corp. (SAIC) to establish their first technical center joint venture in China (China Business Review, 2011). Investments such as these have proven to be worthwhile for GM. GM is very optimistic with their China market and has intentions of increasing further their investment in the country because of the supportive policies of the government. In view of this, GM projects that in 15 to 20 years from now their sales could reach to a whooping 20 million cars. Another market of GM is India. Although GM entered the Indian market 16 years ago, it is now moving towards intensifying its market by focusing on dealerships and service network expansion (The Indian Express, 2012). In India, GM focuses on the small car market because of the

Religious Message Of Steve Jobs Biography Essay

Religious Message Of Steve Jobs Biography - Essay Example This is particularly apparent in the transition that Jobs faced when he was ousted from his own company Apple but carried on to be a founder of Pixar, and took big steps in terms of opening up and being vulnerable to the presence of others in his life, for example, accepting his daughter Lisa. This message present and demonstrated through the idea of redemption because Jobs provides a second chance to many others in his life, and is also given a second chance to improve relationships with people, before he finds out that he has been diagnosed with cancer. Steve Jobs was a great man. The reason why I have chosen Steve Jobs as the reference to this article in terms of underlying a religious message is because Steve Jobs propogated through his practices and his speeches, the importance of doing what we love, the importance of connecting the dots in terms of following the gut feeling, ands lastly the importance to live tastefully. This paper will underline the moral story with respect to living life in the way we believe and without listening to other’s opinions. Steve Jobs also believed in doing great things, and this will be an added part of the moral story which will be discussed in this paper. Each and every paragraph has detailed instances from Steve Jobs’ life and will demonstrate the religious and moral message throuugh the examples from his life. When Steve Jobs was a budding entreprenuer, he often labelled himself as an artist. He ofent remarked that he saw himself as an artist, and also mentioned the fact that every beautiful thing in this world was conceptualised to be an art, and we were mere propogators of art. This leaves a very strong message of religious morality that in life, we should see beauty in every way possible, and should not discard any object in order to negate its beauty. At times, we embark on things and find ourselves craving for our notion of beauty and aesthetics, however, according to the experience of Jobs, it is very crucial to understand the aspect of beauty in every form it is in present to us. Jobs beileved that the present is a gift which has been given to us by God, and that we hsould live in the present and try to make it better without having the regret of making mistakes in the past, along with living without the mountain of guilt surrounding our negative feelings of the past. The best way to live without it is to defeat the mountain, negate the bad feelings and look forwards from a fresh perspective in life. Another aspect from Steve Jobs’ life which can be mentioned here to demonstrate the moral message sent by him was when he had ust started the company called Apple. He laid the foundation of Apple on a note which is quoted below: â€Å"We are going to change the status quo, we are the pirates, we have come to refute the nacissm of the giant IBM† The aboe mentioned quote sent shockwaves to the computing world. No one before had the courage to challenge the might of IBM. At that time, the morality of Steve Jobs was governed by the belief that everthing is supposed to change, change is the only constant, and the old should be changed with the new to bring a fresh perspective in life. With this idea and philosphy, Steve Jobs challenged the might of the IBM. The moral of the story is that one should not confine to the same things for ever and ever, as there is a potential to change. The might of the old and big will come down if the services they provide do not land up in the right context. It is unhealthy to live without competition, and with

Irans Nuclear Ambitions Essay Example for Free

Irans Nuclear Ambitions Essay Behind the Irans Nuclear ambitions lay the fundamental issue: Do third world countries have the permission and the right to develop and enrich all nuclear technology including enrichment of nuclear material? Iranians Iranians claimed that they have the right to develop and enriching the nuclear material as authorized, and they would not tolerate the prospects of abdicating their right of enriching uranium which is abundant in Iran as allowed in the Non Proliferation Treatys article 4. Iran has repeatedly claim that their purpose of enriching nuclear material is always for the nuclear reactors which will provide much needed power, as Iran is already spending billions of dollars on gasoline imports. Iran also say that it has abide by all the regulations of NPT, and in 2004 it signed Paris Agreement with France, England and Germany the European Union Troika (EU-3) and as a result of which it has temporarily suspended its uranium enrichment as agreed during that Paris Agreement. Iranians also argue that under the regime of Shah which is the ally of US at that time, Washington firmly supported plans of Iran to build up to 23 atomic reactors by 1994. United States The United States asserted that Iranians are not trustworthy and their enrichments clearly intends to the development of Nuclear weapons. US often says that Iran is also the number 2 producer of oil in OPEC and also sits on the second biggest natural reserves, which is enough to make desires for enriching nuclear material suspicious. United States also points out that one set of risk is that it will set off a falling domino sequence of proliferation in the region, and Egypt, Turkey and Saudi Arabia as those countries that might feel that they should pursue their own nuclear program in response, which will start a nuclear race in the region. Americans also believe that a militant, oil rich Muslim theocracy of around 70 million people, with a Holocaust denying president who yearns for Israels disappearance and calls America and Britain the greater and lesser Satans, poses a great sort of problem. Another problem is the bold Iranian problem which will bring the world into danger by Iran arming terrorists with nuclear weapons that will bring the whole world into danger especially American and Israelis. Russians and Chinese Moscow says that Irans plans to develop a full atomic fuel cycle and to enrich uranium for its nuclear reactors are not economically viable. The head of Russias Atomic Energy Agency said that he has a technically proven data that tells that Iran plans to build 10 reactors worth 1,000 megawatts each is not the most feasible option but is rather ruinous. But Russians and Chinese have always not backed any movement by the US that undermine Irans capabilities to develop Nuclear Fuel but also Russia and China along with other countries that have economic interests in Iran such as Britain, France and Germany have stepped back from any direct confrontation with the US. All of these powers have voted for the IAEA resolution in February to refer Iran to the UN and then in March for a non-binding presidential statement in the UN Security Council setting a 30-day deadline for Iran to cease uranium enrichment. In all likelihood, Moscow and Beijing will again seek to mollify Washington in forthcoming meetings on Iran and try to limit the scope of any UN actions on Iran.

Study On The Guidance From The Nmc Nursing Essay

Study On The Guidance From The Nmc Nursing Essay The Royal College of Nursing (RCN, 1981) and the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2004; 2008) described the word accountability as ones responsibility to somebody or for something, in this case nurses are accountable to the patients, the employers and the NMC principles. Responsibility is being accountable for ones action or omission to patients in our care. Whereas Sempre Cable argued that responsibility relates to ones accountability to what one does and accountability is one responsible to the consequence of what one does (2003). Nurses are accountable to the NMC which legislates and regulates all nurses, midwives and specialist community nurses in the United Kingdom and it is the responsible of all registrant to abide to its principle. Therefore, the author will weave the tapestry of this essay to demonstrate that the NMC (2008) guidance may appear simple but it is a difficult responsibility to fulfil by nurses in practice. As the guideline relates to the first paragraph of t he principles of The Code, firstly, trust in relation to caring of patients health and wellbeing will be defined and the discussion will posit around the kind treatment of the patients as individuals without discrimination, respecting their dignity and be an advocate for them whilst they are in the nursing care. Secondly, respecting their right to confidentiality as is of paramount importance and it is enshrined in the Data Protection Act (1989) and also the Human Right Act (1989) which makes it legal. Confidentiality will be defined and note that patients information cannot be disclosed without the patients consent. Thirdly, for nurses to respect the dignity of patients, to advocate for them and respect their confidentiality nurses must be able to use therapeutic communications to get the necessary information and nurses must be able to communicate with other health professionals to support the patients in their care. Nurses must be able to communicate with the patient in a languag e that is understood by the patient. Fourthly, the principle of ethics in the discharging of the roles of nurses is important to complete the jigsaw of this complex essay. Lastly, to bring theory into practice by using the five steps of nursing process model (Christensen and Kenney, 1990, 1995; Roper, Logan Tierney, 1976; Pearson et al, 2005) will be explained by using the framework of the Clinical Governance (Department of Health (DH), 1999) as the benchmark for quality practice to explain the reason that it is a difficult responsibility for nurses to balance the different agendas. Hence, before an attempt is made to answer the topic of this essay theory of nursing is explained and the definition of nursing is postulate for the reader to understand the direction that this topic will be taken. Theory provides a template for practice as it provides the embodiment of nursing philosophies, presenting the beliefs, understandings, and purposes of nursing. It also guides research and education. A theory helps the understanding of nursing by the general public (Seedhouse, 1986). Theory is also a thinking process especially when a nurse is reflecting on the nursing process (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation) of a patient (Bell Duffy, 2008). Peplau (1952) argued that nurses use therapeutic communication as a way to tease out information from the patients in order that nurses gain the patients trust and they are treated with respect and dignity. (, patients most of the time are seeing the nurse for the first time,) Orems (1971) used the self- care model where he stated that nurses used the continuous self-care action to care for patients when the patients self-care exceeds their own abilities to meet their needs (self-care deficit). Though Horan et al, (2004); Rogers (1970, 1980), Neuman (1980) and Parse (1987) stated that nursing is both an art and science whereby the main aim is to help patient to achieve biological system homeostasis equilibrium after an illness and to sustain their health and wellbeing not forgetting their respect and dignity. RCN stated that the use of clinical judgement in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever the disease or disability, until death (RCN, 2003 pg 3). Respecting the dignity of patients and caring for their health and wellbeing. The World Health Organisation (WHO) stated that health is a human state of biopsychosocial wellbeing in the absence of illness. Seedhouse (1995) argued that the WHO definition is too broad and difficult to achieve and it does not take into consideration the different definition of illness. Roper et al (2000) argued that health is an important factor in the model for nursing. Therefore, one of the roles of nursing is not only caring for ill patients but the healthy clients especially when doing health promotion. Furthermore, nurses have to care for patients coming from different cultural and ethnical background, gender, sexual orientation. Firstly, nurses must treat people as individuals and respect their dignity and must not discriminate in any way against the patients in their care. Patient must be treated kindly and considerately. Nurses should act as an advocate for those in their care by helping them to access relevant health and social care information and to support them. Secon dly, patients right to confidentiality is of paramount importance and is enshrined in the Data Protection Act (1989), furthermore, it is in the Human Right Act (1989). Ethics and its moral dilemma when caring for patients health and wellbeing Ethics are standards of behaviour which nurses are expected to act on when caring for patients and others (Tschudin, 1986; Edwards, 1996; Holland et al, 2008; Kozier et al, 2008) whereas moral is ones personal standard of the difference between right and wrong in conduct, character and attitude. Ethics are found in the NMC Code of conduct and nurses are accountable for their ethical conduct (Kozier, 2008). Ethics and moral are sometimes used interchangeably in some literatures. Beauchamp Childress (1989, 2009) developed a framework stated that there are four moral principles that nurses can work under. They are autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice as explained below. Autonomy states that a patient is an individual and his/her wishes should be respected eventhough the decision runs contrary to our own ethical issues. Nonmaleficence the patient should not be placed do no harm it could happen intentionally, placing someone at harm risk or unintentionally causing harm. Beneficence doing good implement actions that benefit patient and their supports person. Justice fairness justifying one action against another action. (Nursing theorists may say when a nurse in faced with a dilemma the decision should be based on two ethical models utilitarianism one that brings the most good and the least harm for the greatest number of people or deontological theory action is not judged on its consequences but is judged on whether it agrees with moral principles) Ethics can sometimes provide moral dilemmas that nurses face when caring for a patient especially if the patient has been diagnosed with an incurable disease whereby the family and their employer do not want it to be disclosed to the patient. In such circumstances the conflict it between ethics and moral dilemma that is enshrined in the NMC (2008) Code of Ethics their role as nurses and moral duty to the patient who wants to know the truth and the patients health and wellbeing (Benjamin Curtis, 1992; Edwards, 1996). Thompson et al (2006) stated that ethics and moral cannot work in a vacuum further added that in order to justify moral judgement nurses need prior knowledge of ethical theory. Beauchamp and Childress (2009) added that one needs understanding of moral theory to be able to justify ethical decisions. This demonstrates the extra burden imposed on nurses thereby finding themselves constrained by the difficult responsibilities placed on them to fulfil the NMC (2008) Code of E thics furthermore those of their employers. (Nurses must have professional accountability and responsibility regardless of how simple or difficult the task may, they are personally accountable for their practice and are answerable for any action and omission committed whilst discharging their role. In this case responsibility refers to the accountability or liability associated with the duties undertaken by nurses). Conclusion Definition of important words Before the essay tapestry is weaved some words definition are given to set the tone whether the NMC (2008) guidance appears simple and/or is it difficult responsibility to fulfil in nursing practice. The Essence of Care (DH, 2003) is an NHS Policy helping health practitioners to take a patient-focused and structured approach to sharing and comparing practice. Trust Bell Duffy suggested that being trustworthy is difficult as patients, peers, managers have different expectations on the definition of trust (2009). Trust is therefore defined as . Wilson argued that public has lost trust in nursing care due to the fact that they expect modern medicine could cure every possible ill and secondly someone has failed to deliver the service they were mandated to deliver (2002). Health and wellbeing health is defined as the absence of illness with complete physical, mental and social wellbeing (World Health Organisation (WHO), 1946; Seedhouse, 1986) and wellbeing being the (suggested) state of perfection (Wilmot, 2003) Dignity is defined as the way an individual perceives and acquires values (privacy, respect and trust), sets standards according to these values and from these standards judges what is acceptable influenced by the individual cultural upbringing (Haddock, 1996; Seedhouse, 2000; DH, 2000; Matiti, 2002; DH, 2004; Matiti et al, 2007). Client/patient Advocacy Griffith Tengnah (2008) stated that NMC codes places both a normative and positive rules on the registrant (Normative rule what a person should do or what they should refrain from doing and positive rule imposes a legal obligation to do or refrain from doing something). Therefore, the NMC codes pull on both the normative and positive rule to underpin a shared set of values as enshrined by the regulatory body. Apply the concept of dignity in delivering care by respecting the patient as an individual The concept of dignity A concept is a label given to an observed phenomenon In the policy documents NHS Plan (Department of Health (DH), 2000) and Standards for Better Health (DH, 2004) DH states that patients would be treated as an individual first and treated with respect and dignity by focusing on their whole health and wellbeing not only their illness. It further added that the nurses would also be treated with respect and dignity. These words are echoed in the NMC (2008) Code though it does not mention the registrant. Apply the concept of dignity Deliver care with dignity Identifying factors that influence and maintain patient dignity Challenges situation/others when patient dignity may be compromised Quality of care and clinical governance cycle Conclusion: To the author who is a novice (Benner, 1984) the NMC guidance may appear to be a difficult responsibility to fulfil in practice but to an expert nurse the process and analysis of data happens on an unconscious level. This is done as the nurse may be able to deconstruct an incident by summoning his cognitive intuition (knowledge, experience) therefore the clinical decisions appears in his/her conscious mind readily formed (Lyneham et al. 2008; 2009). So it reasonable to conclude that regimes of care should actually benefit clients, rather than simply not cause harm. Beauchamp T L, Childress J F. (1989) Principles of biomedical ethics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Beauchamp T L, Childress J F. (2009) Principles of biomedical ethics. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Benjamin M, Curtis J. (1992) Ethics in Nursing. 3rd Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press Benner P. (1984) From novice to expert: Excellence and power in clinical nursing practice. California: Addison Wesley. Department of Health. (2000) The NHS plan: A plan for investment, a plan for reform. London: The Stationery Office. Edwards S D. (1996) Nursing Ethics: A principle-based approach. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd. Griffith R, Tengnah C. (2008) Law and professional issues in nursing. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Hinchliff S, Norman S, Schober J. (eds.) (2008) Nursing practice and health care: A foundation text. 5th Ed. London: Hodder Arnold. Holland K, Jenkins J, Solomon J, Whittam S (eds.) (2008) Roper, Logan Tierney Model in Practice. 2nd Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Horan P, Doran A, Timmina F. (2004) Exploring Orems self-care deficit nursing theory in learning disability nursing: Philosophical parity paper. Learning Disability Practice. 7 (4) 28-37. Kozier B, Erb G, Berman A, Synder S, Lake R, Harvey S. (2008) Fundamentals of Nursing: Concept, process and practice. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Lyneham J, Parkinson C, Denholm C. (2008) Explicating Benners concept of expert practice: intuition in emergency nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 64 (4) 380-387. Lyneham J, Parkinson C, Denholm C. (2009) Expert nursing practice: a mathematical explanation of Benners 5th stage of practice development. Journal of Advance Nursing. 65 (11) 2477-2484. Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC). (2002) Code of professional conduct. London: NMC Nursing Midwifery Council. (2008) The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London: NMC. Royal College of Nursing (1981) Accountability in nursing. London: RCN. Seedhouse D. (1986) Health: The foundations for achievement. London: Wiley. Seedhouse D. (2000) Practical nursing philosophy: The universal ethical code. New York: Riley. Semple M, Cable S. (2003) The new code of professional conduct. Nursing Standard. 17 (23) 40-48. Thompson I E, Melia K M, Boyd K M, Horsburgh D. (2006) Nursing Ethics. 5th Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Waights Wilmot S. (2003) Ethics, power and policy: The future of nursing in the NHS. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Wilson R. (2002) Where did peoples trust go? Nursing Standard. 17 (2) 24-25.