Parda in Islam

PARDA (VEIL) IN THE LIGHT OF QURAN AND SUNNAH ABSTRACT The cold war began between the religions and the best subject for west is women to create uncertainty between religions. They are continuously hitting Muslim women with the weapon of Human Rights. From last couple of years the big issue is revolving in west and it create many mess is Parda(veil). The say that parda is human rights violation and Parda humiliates the women dignity. But the Noble Quran says Parda (veil) creates respectful environment for women. If we read bible it also taught women the importance of Parda(veil).In Old Testament we read Rebekah also looked up and saw Isaac. She got down from her camel  and asked the servant, â€Å"Who is that man in the field coming to meet us? â€Å"He is my master,† the servant answered. So she took her veil  and covered herself. (Genesis: 24:64-65) In New Testament And every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head–it is just as t hough her head were shaved. If a woman does not cover her head, she should have her hair cut off; and if it is a disgrace for a woman to have her hair cut or shaved off, she should cover her head. 1 Corinthians: 11:5-6) Islam the religion of peace stresses the relationship between body and mind. The ultimate goal of Parda is righteousness of the heart because in covering the body one shields the heart from impurities. Women of Islam wear Parda and loose clothing to fulfill the command of Allah Subhan wa tala. It encourages them to be modest and not to dress in a manner that attracts men. The Parda (veil) can take many forms, The Hijab The Niqaab The Burqa In first hijab, generally refers to covering only head and neck, leaving face uncovered.This covering may have many styles but its main purpose is to cover the hairs properly. In Niqaab is generally understood as clothing that covers the face as well as head, with the eyes showing. The Burqa is a complete and proper form of Parda w hich covers the body of women from head to toe. This form of Parda (veil) is seen in many region of Islamic world. It may have many different styles and according to the cultural and traditional influence. Key Words: Islam, Parda(veil), Quran, Hadith(Sunna) Islam: Islam is not a new religion, but the same truth that Allah revealed through all His prophets to every people.Muslims follow a religion of peace, mercy, and forgiveness, and the majority has nothing to do with the extremely grave events that have come to be associated with their faith. All the prophets sent by Allah brought the same message, i. e. believing in the oneness of Allah and the prophet Mohammad (Sal-Allaho-Alay-hay-Wasal-lam) as his last messenger. We, Muslims, believe in the Bible as the word of God and that it’s not in its exact and right form. We believe that Old Testament, Muslims call it Torat, was revealed to Prophet Moses (Musa) and New Testament, Muslims call it Injeel, was revealed o Prophet Jesus (Isa) peace be upon them. Since they were changed by people Allah sent the last testament, that is, the Holy Quran revealed to Prophet Mohammad (Sal-Allaho-Alay-hay-Wasal-lam) and it’s been 1400 years and not even a vowel of the Quran has been changed. It’s in its exact and perfect form. Christianity is closer to Islam than any other religion. We don’t believe in Jesus Christ (May peace be upon him) as Son of God but believe in him as a mighty messenger of Allah. We believe in his miraculous birth. There is one chapter in the Quran in the name of the mother of Jesus Christ (P.B. U. H) as â€Å"Chapter Mary†. http://www. cometoislam. com/aboutislam. htm Parda (veil): Hijab is the term used by many Muslim women to describe their head cover that may or may not include covering their face except their eyes and sometimes also covering one eye. The Arabic word Hijab can be translated into veil or yashmak. Other meanings for the word Hijab include screen, cover (ing), mantle, curtain, drapes, partition, division, and divider. http://www. pakideas. com/node/161 Socialists oppose both approaches, for us it is the right of every woman to wear or not to wear the veil.The state and the religious right have no right to interfere in the personal lives of individuals. Every woman has the right to choose. Most Muslims think that it is wrong to force women to remove the veil, but for some it is not wrong to force women to wear the veil. Socialists oppose a ban on the veil but they also oppose the forced wearing of the veil. This debate is mainly focused on Muslim communities living in Europe. But very few things have been said about Muslim women of the so-called Islamic countries. ( http://www. socialistworld. net/doc/2554)Quran: The Quran is a complete record of the exact words revealed by Allah through the Angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad (Sal-Allaho-Alay-hay-Wasal-lam). It’s the principal source of every Muslim’s faith and prac tice. It deals with all subjects that concern us as human beings; wisdom, doctrine, worship, and law. But its basic theme is the relationship between Allah and His creatures. At the same time the Quran provides guidelines for a just society, proper human conduct and equitable economic principles. Apart from the Quran, Muslims also refer to the life of the Prophet Muhammad (Sal-Allaho-Alay-hay-Wasal-lam). http://www. cometoislam. om/quran. htm Hadith: Hadeeth means the words, actions, approval or attributes that have been narrated from the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). A hadeeth may either confirm things that are mentioned in the Qur'aan, such as prayer, zakaah, etc. , or it may give details of things that are mentioned in the Qur'aan in general terms, such as the numbers of rak'ahs in each prayer, the thresholds for paying zakaah, the details of Hajj, etc. It may also explain rulings which are not mentioned in the Qur'aan, such as the prohibition on being ma rried to a woman and her (paternal or maternal) aunt at the same time.Allaah revealed the Qur'aan to His Messenger Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and commanded him to explain it to the people, as He said (interpretation of the meaning): â€Å"And We have also sent down unto you (O Muhammad) the Dhikr [reminder and the advice (i. e. the Qur'aan)], that you may explain clearly to men what is sent down to them, and that they may give thought† [al-Nahl 16:44] http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_is_Hadees-e-Nabawi PARDA (VEIL) IN THE LIGHT OF QURAN AND SUNNAH â€Å"O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to bring down over themselves [part] of their outer garments.That is more suitable that they will be known and not be abused. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful†. (33:59) In west Muslim women are not allowed to use Hijab (PARDA) because they think that Hijab is a symbol of female segregation. But if we see, in ma ny Muslim societies wearing Hijab (PARDA) is not very common and mostly women refuse it without any solid reason. If we once again read those verses of Quran which are given in the beginning of this article, how great these Qur’anic verses are, along with their implied meanings of lofty and honorable orientations made clear to the nations in this regard.We notice amongst the measures taken in this respect that Allah commands His Prophet (S. A. A. W) to enjoin his wives, the mothers of believers and the daughters. In these verses Allah demands women to use a big piece of cloth which at least covers her body from head to toe. There is a contradiction between the two schools of thought of Islam that is it necessary to cover the face or not? Some say it is necessary to cover the face and the others say it’s not, but I emphasize here that the permissible Hijab should have certain characteristics and conditions through which the Muslim women can be distinguished from others. The best form of Hijab as Allah says in the Quran is the piece of cloth which covers the whole body of woman starting from the head to the toe of her feet. Allah states in Quran, â€Å"Draw their veils all over the bodies (when abroad)†(33:59) Allah also says, â€Å"And to draw their veils over their bosoms† (24:31) And says, â€Å"And stay in your houses, and do not display your selves like That of the former time of ignorance†(33:33) Further Allah addressed the believers to wear Hijab: â€Å"say to the believing women†, as well as in the verses â€Å"and the believing women†.From the point of view of Hadith, it was mentioned that: some women came to see Sayeda Ayesha R. A, they entered Ayesha’s room while they had put on fine dresses. However Ayesha said:, â€Å" if you are believing women then such should not be the suitable dress of the believing women, but if you are not you can enjoy wearing it. Two things can be interpreted from the above incident, one is if someone claimed that she is a believer then she must obey Allah’s order and must wear Hijab and if she is a non- believer then it’s up to her. Then the second thing is what type of Hijab? Allah says in Quran to cover your body with a garment, no special kind or type of Hijab is mentioned but Allah only commands in the Holy Quran to do Hijab, now it’s up to the believers how they cover their bodies, as in our sub-continent most women use â€Å"BURKA† as it is according to the customs that prevail in our society. In verse no 33 of surah AL-AHZAAB Allah orders Muslim women to stay at home if they don’t have any duty outside and also not to show their parts of body, their jewelry and make over as they used to do in the past.Until now I have presented some Quranic and Hadith evidences in which Allah orders believing women to cover their bodies with Hijab (PARDA). ALLAH has clearly commanded women in the Holy Quran but what is t he reason that most women do not feel this obligation upon themselves. In my view its nothing but the strong influence of modernism and colonialism that still dominates our thoughts and actions but if we once again go through the Quran and Hadith I must say that the purpose of Hijab is to ensure that the modesty of a woman is protected and that any obscene and illicit intentions towards the woman are avoided.It is compulsory for Muslim women to wear Hijab or anything that covers the parts that can bring unwanted attention from the opposite sex. We come across many cases in the newspapers that women feel unsafe out in the markets etc. when they are alone, uneasiness is created by the opposite sex, and it is true and a big sin on part of men but if the same woman wears proper Hijab (PARDA) then the results will be different. Because Allah says in Quran do not show those parts of body which attract opposite sex, if women observe these commands then the results for sure would be differe nt because true is Allah and True is also His Prophet.Hijab is a sign of the completion of faith by a woman who wears it for fear of Allah and seeking HIS pleasure but not as a customary and habitual matter. The woman who covers herself will be covered with chastity, modesty and purity and all of these qualities are the integrated part of faith. In conclusion I would say that women in Islam should try seriously to be a nice symbol of representing the beautiful and desirable image of Islam by calling to Islam wherever they go, being the favored role model for their Muslim sisters, raising hereby the word of their lord, religion and the tradition of their beloved Prophet Mohammad S.A. A. W, high over anything and throwing disappointment on the enemy of Islam, and causing their oppressing plan to fail. And a sister who is in the west can use Hijab to present the beautiful Islamic Code. This would lead to the aforementioned benefits as well. In the end I say: praise to Allah, the cheris her and sustainer of the worlds, peace to all who follow guidance, and peace and blessing be upon the most honorable and noblest Prophet Mohammad peace and blessing be upon Him, upon His family and His followers. References (MOHAMMAD UMAR MUBARIK)

Cooking as an Art Form

Cooking As an Art Form Food, cooking, and whatever related to these themes are usually considered as an art because food is an everyday item that has a wide meaning for all people. Food can be considered as an art; for example: the decoration of a food, the way a food is constructed in the plates, or even the way many different foods are being mixed in order to create a new food. Sometimes even people consider the arrangement of plates in a table as an art. This is called Table Art. Brillat-Savarin in his book, â€Å"The physiology of taste† states that cooking is the oldest of all arts. He says that Adam was born hungry and even a new born child first looks for become feed by his nurse right after he comes to new world (Physiology of taste, 300). He also believes that cooking and food is the finest art that has had the most influence on humans’ civilization (300). Food is one of the fewest things in whole world that almost everyone becomes satisfied with. When people eat, a kind of satisfaction and pleasure make them happy. And whatever can make a person happy could be considered as an art. Gastronomy is the knowledge and science of whatever related to human’s nourishment (physiology of taste, 51). Savarin believes that Gastronomy is a part of cookery. The way the dishes are adapted and arranged in a table and the way a food is tasted make the food as an art work (physiology of taste, 51). Savarin by his philosophical look explain the joy and sadness that a food can cause by its taste. He says that taste gives us the greatest joy because eating is the only thing which is not followed by regret (physiology of taste, 42). Brillat-Savarin says that the knowledge of Gastronomy is important for everyone. â€Å"There is this special advantage in their gastronomical knowledge, that they attain through it a completely personal note in the way their table is maintained; they are able to supervise up to a certain point the arrangements which they must then entrust to others, and they may even direct them occasionally†. Preparation of food is as much important as the food itself. Only a good cook can prepare a food in its best way and the final product is what everyone would like to try. Brillat-Savarin in his book explains how a skilled cook can make a fish that become an immense source of pleasure. He explains different ways it can be prepared, served in whole, cut in fillets or sliced, whether boiled or fried, cold or hot. And what he believes is that it would be always acceptable (physiology of taste, 91). Sometimes only professional cooks can make an astonishing dish because every one does not have the skill and techniques of preparation of a dish. For example when John Barlow wanted to try the ear part of the pig he found it a little disgusting before he saw the dish but after they prepare his dish he said: â€Å"The culinary art, I guess, often involve artifice. Things are cooked so as to disguise their ugly origins. An oxtail, for example, doesn’t really look like an ox’s tail; it looks brown and glazed and beautiful, like a slow-roasted half-brogue† (Everything but the squeal, 208). Savarin interestingly explains the different usage of sugar in his book and he describes how skillful a man should be in order to mix sugar with different other things to prepare a good product. For instance, sugar mixed with water that is refreshing and healthy, mixed with wine which produces cordials, or mixed with flour and eggs, the result is sponge cakes, muffins, and uncountable delicious pastries which are all the product of skillful cook (physiology of taste, 102 & 103). In the Gourmet’s diary of a foodie, it was so amazing when Chef Dani Garci was making fantastic dishes by some simple ingredients, like: Green and red Gazpacho and Ajo Blanco which are traditional dishes of south Spain. The most significant part is that how they take their times to make these dishes. They are like an art work that an artist put all his time and skill on it to create the best work. It was so amazing when he was making those tomato skins which were frozen in nitrogen. He was using all his skill to make them and coat them with red color. Food and cooking just same as music can inspire people. Usually when people listen to music they like to dance. It is the inspiration of music and brings people together to dance. Food and cooking do the same thing as music does. Gourmands are people who are fond of good eating and Gourmandism has an important effect in our social life. It spreads the spirit of entertainment and friendship which brings together different kinds of people, make a friendly atmosphere that people mingle and melt in to conversation, and vanish the inequalities of position and breeding (physiology of taste, 153). Also it will motivate the host to do his best in order to make the best table for his guests and take care of them. The host uses his knowledge and techniques to please his guests. Brillat-Savarin states,† any preparation which springs from a high intelligence demands explicit praise, and a actful expression of appreciation must always be made whenever it is plain that there is any attempt to please† (153). Savarin explains the origin of the table in his book and he brings the note that one of the most important and strong laws of human being is to respect for any one with whom one has shared bread and salt. He says that it happens during the meals that languages should have born and perfected (physiology of taste, 18 2). From the other point of his view, he explains the effect of Truffles and how it inspires humans. whosever pronounces the word truffle gives voice to one which awakens erotic and gastronomical dreams equally in the sex that wears skirts and the one that sprouts a beard† (Savarin, 93). Savarin by his explanations believes that truffle is the diamond of the art of cookery (physiology of taste, 95). The art of food and cooking is really one of the greatest works by a human being in history. The power of table, unbelievable different tastes, techniques of preparation, and all other aspects that concern about food and cooking should really considered as an art. John Barlow in his book â€Å"Everything but the squeal†, demonstrates the power of table and how a table can bring people around the table. Indeed, it is like a movie scene when he was sitting next to a family and he noticed that how they stare down at their table before they start eating, he says their elbows were raised and explains how the table was prepared and arranged, the way the forks and knives were next to dishes (Barlow, 145). In fact, these kinds of excitements are the result of foods and cooking’s art. In Gourmet’s diary of foodie, there is a connection between the traditional foods of gypsies and the art and skill of cooking. Manuel Valencia who is a chef and author wrote a book about the traditional gypsy foods. He explains what constitute gypsy foods in his books. In the video it is really interesting to see how they cook while they are dancing and how they manage the table and guests. It is the art of gypsies that can entertain their guests and serve them delicious foods by simple ingredients. They prepare nice dishes with the lowest costs and of course this would not be done only if you are a professional cook. Also I noticed that how they prepare Iberico Hams in Spain. It is said in the video that from the dehesa to the table will take 4 years. So what do they do during these years is all about preparing the most delicious ham in the world which obviously is so expensive. To conclude this, it is important to know that cooking and whatever is related to foods and cooking is one of the finest arts conceived by human and it should be considered as art in all aspects and themes of cooking, from preparing to eating.

Global Marketing and Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global Marketing and Communications - Essay Example Well established local brands with their prudent research and development teams like Coca Cola has been able to successfully move to foreign lands (Ghemawat, 2003). Companies looking for globalisation generally look for a market with a culture to that of their own. Globalisation deals with seeing the full potential of an outside market and being able to successfully tap that market. A company which is able to do that becomes a successful global brand. Coca Cola as a product came into existence in 1886. An Atlanta Pharmacist named John Pemberton brought it into existence. His bookkeeper Frank Robinson named it Coca Cola. Since then the brand Coca Cola has gone through a sea of change and has become one of the global leader in soft drinks industry (Coca Cola, n.d.). Coca Cola follows a style of growth and leadership along with constant up gradation in their activities thus making it possible for them to be sustainable. Coca Cola is enjoyed by more than 200 countries worldwide thus becoming a global brand after it had started as local brand. It has achieved 48 straight years with an increase in dividends. At present, the company has 3300 beverages being sold worldwide. The present Coca Cola Chairman and CEO is Mr. Muhtar Kent and the company headquarters are located at Atlanta, Georgia (Coca Cola, n.d.). Globalisation is the modern phenomenon that is conquering the attention of the world over in recent times. The term has basically gained popularity in the last two decades. Globalisation, from the point of view of international marketer, refers to the situation where geographical boundaries are neglected. It has made geographical boundaries seem immaterial. Globalisation has made it possible for companies to earn economies of scale which have benefited them in making profit and becoming successful. It has also made

Scattering of Lamb Waves From Typical Structure Defects in Plates Essay

Scattering of Lamb Waves From Typical Structure Defects in Plates - Essay Example ure defects using piezoelectric transducer (PZT) sensors and 3-D Scanning Laser vibrometry and simulation the results by using Autodyne ANSYS is an important wildly recognized non-destructive evaluation SHM technique to locate, identify and quantify the structural damage and hence we can improve the survivability of mechanical structure. 1- The project work will be carried out first by reviewing the various research works and techniques involved in SHM including project related above mentioned non-destructive evaluation SHM technique with Autodyn ANSYS as simulation tool. The information obtained through literature review will further be used for practical work to study and investigate the various aspects of practical applications. 2- Since the practical work involved the application of 3D laser vibrometer in conjunction with Lamb wave technique to locate, identify and quantify typical structural damage like any crack, corrosion and dent, hence as next step I have to prepare test specimens. The test specimen can be a single aluminium plate having all three structural damages or three separate aluminium plates with different structural damage. For my experiment for the worse case situation, I have to prepare a single aluminium plate of 800 X 200 X 20 mm dimensions with all three defects i.e. crack, corrosion and dents as shown in following figure 1, 2 and 3 below. 3- My next step will be to fabricate the sensing devices to the specimen. Since I am using piezoelectric transducer (PZT) as sensors to Lamb wave through 3-D laser scanning hence I fabricate PZT to target

Are We Doing enough about Domestic Violence Assignment

Are We Doing enough about Domestic Violence - Assignment Example Domestic violence is not just a female problem; in around 1989 a man for the sake of argument lets call him Jake got into a physical altercation with his girlfriend of several years. She raised a knife to Jake's throat and raped him, afterward Jake went to the police precinct and explained to them about what had just happened, the police laughed at him and later on that week Jake was killed by his girlfriend. Domestic violence is a high-risk killer when ignored and acknowledged. People tend to hide abuse both men and woman for different reasons out of love, fear, or even guilt if there are children involved. A person would have to jump through hoops of fire to get proper help for a new life like police reports, pictures, witnesses, etc. and that still might not work until they hurt the person that’s hurting them. Domestic violence is not just a female problem; in around 1989 a man for the sake of argument lets call him Jake got into a physical altercation with his girlfriend o f several years. She raised a knife to Jake's throat and raped him, afterward Jake went to the police precinct and explained to them about what had just happened, the police laughed at him and later on that week Jake was killed by his girlfriend. Domestic violence is a high-risk killer when ignored and acknowledged. People tend to hide abuse both men and woman for different reasons out of love, fear, or even guilt if there are children involved. A person would have to jump through hoops of fire to get proper help for a new life like police reports, pictures, witnesses, etc. and that still might not work until they hurt the person that’s hurting them. On the other hand, you have your fame chasers and custody winners who use domestic violence as an excuse to get what they want. A prime example of this is there was an episode of Law & Order S.V.U. on television where a woman was going through a real serious custody battle with her ex-husband over there fourteen-year-old daughter. The woman was planning on leaving the state they lived in and her ex-husband found out, he showed up to her house in the middle of the night to question her, while there he grabbed her leaving bruises. Afterward, she filed raped charges on the man. Throughout the episode, the man denied raping his ex-wife but because of the bruising on her arms and his admitting being at her house without permission, he was put in jail. When it was time for him to go to court he made bail and came after his ex-wife lighting her on fire, she later died and afterward it was found out that the man really did not rape her.  

Regular question and answer homeword Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Regular question and answer homeword - Assignment Example Second, it tries to emphasize on the need for school attendance as an important part of life. Third, it sensitizes the need for men to become good role models that can be emulated by the young people. Then, it teaches young people not to lose hope by being honest, being people of integrity and working hard. Eventually the life changes and one achieves their dreams in life. Jelani’s paragraph follows the four basics of a good narration since it employs a plot whereby the action is narrated as it happens. Next, it uses character that are realistic.Then, it uses setting whereby it give a picture of where the story occurs. Last, there is use of point of view which gives perspective of the narrator. Tan’s purpose of writing was to inform the reader of the need to appreciate once own culture. She achieved it because despite minister’s visit no changes were made. Tan’s main point was experience with Americans. Tan’s essay is not well organized because it has few transitions like

Human Resources Recruiter Career Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Human Resources Recruiter Career - Term Paper Example This career study will help current MCC students to find the career that is the most suitable to their personality, interests, and skills, using Holland’s Personality Type model. The report also provides all detailed information regarding the particular career of their choices such as required education, skills, experience, current and future job opportunities, work environment, work conditions, salary, and benefits. The career study project also summarizes all gathered information for each HR recruiter career level in an easy-to-read summary table for a quick reference. Sources of the information are listed in the summary table as well. This report targets students with Conventional Holland’s Personality Type Model, who would be suitable for the career of HR recruiter. This personality type has excellent organizational skills and prefers building relationships across diverse cultures and backgrounds. To evaluate the suitability of this career, the following topics were researched using current government and internet sources: The information regarding the career of HR recruiter is divided into the following categories: 1. Conventional type person likes being precise, orderly, organizing, and paying attention to details, so a bachelor’s degree in labor relations, personnel, and human resources are helpful and a good knowledge of labor law is an asset. 2. Examples of the required skills are: effective oral and written communication skills, relationship building skills, excellent computer skills in a Microsoft Windows environment, ability to work independently with minimal supervision, database management and record keeping skills, excellent interpersonal and teaching skills, excellent organizational skills, data and information analysis skillfully, and active listening skills. These skills match with the abilities most conventional personality type students posses, so the suitability for this career is excellent. 3. The current and future jo b opportunities should be above average. That is adequate for candidates with conventional personality type. 4. The work environment and conditions of an HR recruiter should fit the conventional personality type. This personality type prefers business-detail, traditional office settings with rewards, conformity, and dependability. 5. The salary and benefits should be adequate given the education and the work tasks required. The earned salary should be average or above average. The conventional personality type person does possess management skills with no risk exposure so the salary and benefits are adequate.

Skills Approach best describes my leadership style Research Paper

Skills Approach best describes my leadership style - Research Paper Example These approaches can be seen as supporting each other because they offer dissimilar opinions on leadership from the perspective of skills. In the approach suggested by Katz in the 1955 Harvard Business Review, in the article titled â€Å"Skills of an Effective Administrator†, he acknowledges three diverse abilities that a leader ought to have. They include human skills, technical skills, and conceptual skills. Katz stated that these skills are rather dissimilar from traits of leaders. Skills are what leaders can achieve, while traits are who leaders are (Northouse, 2009). A technical skill is understanding about and capability and aptitude in a precise work or activity. For instance, to use definite computer software packages (like MS Excel) is a superior technical skill. A human skill is one that allows one to collaborate with people. It is dissimilar from technical skills, which have to do with things. These skills help us to cope with people and to correspond and work within teams. A conceptual skill refers to abilities to work with initiatives and concepts. These skills facilitate our understanding and put leaders in a position to better choose the actions and measures that have to be adopted in a specific field of work. Based on his deductions, Katz affirmed that the level of significance of each assortment of skills (conceptual, human and technical) was openly correlated with the degree that the individual has in the firm. The aim of this paper is to describe my leadership style using the skills approach. My leadership style is best described b y the skills approach, which illuminates my basis as a leader along with my inclinations to the function of leadership. The skills approach further underscores the inherent skills and abilities that denote my leadership style. The skills approach best describes me as a leader in the sense that it underscores my abilities and skills to perform the function of leadership and

Knowledge Management, Social Networks and Innovation - google Assignment

Knowledge Management, Social Networks and Innovation - google (google+) - Assignment Example Two years later, the company formalized and adopted the name Google (Reichental). Since then, the company has presented various services and products to the market, including web applications of all kinds and various forms of advertisement, all in various languages. The company’s website and its more than 180 domains contain vast information, including local news, international news, sports news, and even local stores and post offices addresses. It also contains images, patents, maps, and many more (Young). The new advertising paradigms services and products of the company have stirred the imagination of entrepreneurs and business. Google has since tripled its profits and operating margins. In summary, Google has presented a variety of services and products over the past years, but there is one area of application that seem hard to crack, social networking. The recent unveiling of Google Plus is among the recent developments of social networking application (Serrat). Google has in the past tried to develop other social network services, but with a degree of failure. Starting from the acquisition of Pyra Labs, Blogger creator, the company has had other major involvement with the social media. Some of the important acquisition by Google includes Picasa, You Tube, DodgeBall , Postini, Zingku, Feedbanner, Jaiku, and Aardvark. Other social media applications developed by the company include Orkut, Google Talk beta, Google Reader, Google friends Connect, Google Voice, Google Buzz, and Google Plus. Google Plus is a social network that integrates various platforms of other Google products like Profiles and Buzz. The social network was launched in June 2011. The key element of Google Plus is the focus it places on targeted sharing among members of a given subset, or circles, within the social group. The subsets or circles are simply a small group of people with whom one can share with, with names likes classmates, co-workers, friends, and family. The

Bachelor of Arts Community development Essay Example for Free

Bachelor of Arts Community development Essay The unit explores the power of ideas to change the world and ourselves, focusing on their birth, transmission, evolution, and personal and global impact. Through the study of selected themes, students are introduced to the knowledge and approaches central to the arts, social sciences and humanities, and are invited to reflect on competing moral and social arguments. The development of writing and critical thinking skills are a core focus of the unit. The unit is arranged around four different topics, each of which is allocated five or six lectures and three tutorials. Each topic consists of an organising theme which is used to focus a set of contrasting disciplinary perspectives from within the arts, social sciences and humanities. For 2014, the four organising themes are: ââ€" ¦The individual and the community. ââ€" ¦Violence ââ€" ¦Truth and representation ââ€" ¦The good life The key aims of this unit are as follows: ââ€" ¦To introduce students to a range of methodological, conceptual and theoretical appraoches to the main discipline areas covered in the Bachelor of Arts degree. ââ€" ¦To show how social and moral issues may be examined from diverse perspectives, so as to result in differing evaluations, each offering potentially valuable illuminations. ââ€" ¦To provide students with the conceptual tools to become more articulate and reflective in their examination of social and moral issues. The majors which comprise the Bachelor of Arts in 2014 are: ââ€" ¦Asian Studies ââ€" ¦Australian Indigenous Studies ââ€" ¦Communication and Media Studies ââ€" ¦Community Development ââ€" ¦Criminology ââ€" ¦Education Studies ââ€" ¦English and Creative Writing ââ€" ¦Games Art and Design ââ€" ¦History ââ€" ¦Indonesian ââ€" ¦Interactive Digital Design ââ€" ¦International Aid and Development ââ€" ¦Japanese ââ€" ¦Journalism ââ€" ¦Legal Studies ââ€" ¦Philosophy ââ€" ¦Photography ââ€" ¦Public Relations ââ€" ¦Politics and International Studies ââ€" ¦Radio ââ€" ¦Religion ââ€" ¦Security, Terrorism and Counterterrorism Studies ââ€" ¦Social and Developmental Psychology ââ€" ¦Sociology ââ€" ¦Sound ââ€" ¦Sustainable Development ââ€" ¦Theatre and Drama ââ€" ¦Tourism and Events ââ€" ¦Web Communication

Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF): Causes and Treatment

Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF): Causes and Treatment Abstract Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) is a rare but severe type of bacterial infection that affects the soft tissue and fascia. Because of how rapidly the infection spreads it has a high mortality rate and the key to a successful recovery is early diagnosis and treatment. Since the discovery of this disease, little progress has been made to decrease the mortality rate, further emphasizing the importance of healthcare providers ability to detect and treat the infection early so that the patient will have a fighting chance. This article will discuss the history, pathophisiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics and treatments, and interventions as it relates to the Nurse practitioners role in caring for a patient with NF. History and Background Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) is a rare but rapidly progressing inflammatory infection that results in the extensive destruction of soft tissue and fascia. In the earlier stages of the infection muscle and skin are not affected (Ruth-Sahd Gonzalez, 2006). NF involves the superficial fascia, subcutaneous fat (which has nerves and vascular structures) and deep fascia (Green, Dafoe, Raffin, 1996). Thrombosis of the microvasculature occurs but there is an absence of myonecrosis (Giuliano, Lewis, Hadsley, Blaisdel, 1977). NF was first described as a complication of erysipelas by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C. (Descamps, Aithen, Lee, 1994). During the civil war confederate army surgeon Joseph Jones described it as hospital gangrene in which 46% of the 2,642 soldiers who were infected died from NF complications. The cause of the disease was identified as a bacterial infection in 1915. It wasnt until 1952 that the soft tissue infection was named necrotic Fasciitis by Wilson (Wilson, 19 52). Cases of NF were sporadically occurring throughout the 19th and 20th century but remained restricted to military hospitals during the war with a few outbreaks occurring in civilian populations. Epidemiology The centers for Disease control and Prevention (CDC) reported that rates of NF increased worldwide from the mid 1980s to early 1990s. According to the CDC the increases in the rate and severity of NF are correlated with increase in the prevalence of toxin producing strains of S. Pyogenes (M-1 and M-3 serotypes). The CDC reported approximately 600 cases of NF in the U.S. in 1999 (Hu, 2002). Disease progression NF develops when bacteria enters the body usually through a minor trauma for example a laceration, bruise, or bug bite. Some cases occur after surgeries for example abdominal surgeries; the bacterium enters the surgical incision. The bacteria attacks the soft subcutaneous tissue releasing toxins that kill the tissue and affect blood flow to the infected area causing it to become gangrenous. If left untreated the skin, fat, muscle sheath, and later the muscle become involved. The infection spreads unseen moving up the affected body part at a rate of 3 centimeters per hour up to 1 inch of tissue per hour (Ruth-Sahd and Gonzales, 2006). Once necrosis of the tissue occurs that area has to be surgically removed. The bacteria can also cause the patient to go into systemic shock, which can lead to hypotension, respiratory failure, renal failure, and heart failure. If the infection is severe death can occur within 18 hours (Astorino, Genrich, MacGregor, Victor, Eckhouse, Barbour Barbour, 20 09) Pathophysiology Tissue destruction is possible once the bacterium has been introduced under the skin via a cut or penetrable wound. The pathogens begin to rapidly multiply spreading from the subcutaneous tissue along fascial planes, and then invading the blood vessels and lymphatic system. The bacteria release toxins that decrease the protective tissue factors in order to inhibit the immune systems ability to combat the bacteria. In the bodies attempt to combat the bacteria at the tissue level. The blood vessels in the area begin to leak due to the effects of the bacteria in the tissue, the immune response becomes hyperactive, which results in blood vessel dilation in order to facilitate the immune response to the area affected. Unfortunately the cells in the tissue begin to die as the blood vessels leak and decrease the oxygen supply to the cells due to the increase in permeability. Since there is a decrease in blood flow and oxygen supply to the tissue from the infection, tissue necrosis and ische mia occur. As tissue necrosis worsens, nerve damage takes place, which can be seen, as the patient will report the decrease or absence of pain at the area affected. As the infection progresses septicemia will also develop (Astorino, et al. 2009). Causative factors NF is caused by a bacterium named Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A streptococcus (GAS). GAS can be found in peoples throats or on their skin and they will be asymptomatic. S. pogenes is a cause for non-invasive GAS diseases for example rheumatic fever, strep throat, and skin infections like impetigo. When GAS travels to areas of the body where bacteria isnt found it is called invasive GAS disease example would be blood or lungs. More than 10 million non-invasive GAS cases occur annually. A rare but most severe case of invasive GAS is NF. These bacterium evolve quickly and scientist believe that GAS makes proteins that cause the immune system to attack the tissue directly thus the body destroys itself (Hu, 2002). NF has been classified into two types based upon the bacterium identified upon culture. Type 1 in a polymicroial infection including both gram-positive and gram- negative bacteria that can be anaerobic or aerobic. Type 1 is the most common, making up 90% of all the cases, st riking abdominal or peritoneal tissue. Underlying risk factors include postoperative, advanced age, or diabetes (McGee, 2005). Type 2 also known as the Flesh eating Bacteria is the rarest out of the two making up about 10% of the cases. It is the most dangerous of the infections usually affecting the arms or legs and involves the Group A (beta)- hemolytic streptococcus with or without staphylococcus aureus. Type 2 does not discriminate on age, race, or sex (Astorino, et al. 2009). Signs and Symptoms Early detection of NF is crucial it can be the difference between life and death. Health care providers need to be knowledgeable about the signs and symptoms of NF so that treatment can be started right away. Initial signs may be vague and are often confused with cellulitis, signs include pain, edema, erythema, and fever. A definitive diagnosis can be made by visualization and dissection of the necrotic fascia. A key factor of NF is pain, which is disproportionate to the amount of redness. If suspected cellulitis fails to respond to antibiotics within 24-48 hours NF should be considered (Varma and Stashower, 2006). Early symptoms including pain, malaise, fever, and thirst occur within the first 24 hours of invasion of bacteria. This is the time NF is usually misdiagnosed because progression of the disease is not visible until tissue destruction has already stated (McGee, 2005). Walter (2004) states that the hallmark of NF is erythema that spreads quickly with a margin of redness that extends to normal skin and is not raised. Advance symptoms occur 48-72 hours later and are characterized by significant pain at the wound site, increasing erythema, edema, and warmth. The skin tissue then becomes discolored and deteriorates further. The redness turns to dusky or blue and bullae (vesicles) appear. These bullae enlarge and then rupture leaking out dishwater pus a foul smelling, thin dirty gray liquid (Kessenich, 2004); (Ruth-Sahd and Gonzales, 2008). 4-5 days after appearance of the first symptoms patients can begin to demonstrate critical symptoms ranging from numbness and hypotension to toxic shock and unconsciousness. From there the patient can develop gangrene, sepsis, and then death may occur (McGee, 2005). When the initial symptoms are found it can be difficult to differentiate between NF and celluitis thus it is important to remember the hallmark of NF. After 3-5 days of onset when there is skin breakdown, bullae, and cutaneous gangrene present which are defin itive signs of NF and the involved area is usually not painful due to the are becoming anesthetic secondary to thrombosis of small vessels and nerve destruction located in the necrotic subcutaneous tissue Mandell, Bennett, and Dolin, 2005). Laboratory and Imaging Studies Common laboratory studies used in diagnosing NF include complete blood cell count with differential (CBC), Electrolytes, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine phoshokinase (CPK), rapid streptococcus test, and a culture and sensitivity. CBC may show an increase in WBC greater than 14,000/ul and the electrolytes may show a sodium level less than 135 mmol/L, which are both indicative of NF (Schwartz, 2006). The BUN may also be elevated to 15 mg/ml and the CPK may be elevated, indicating the presence of tissue breakdown. A C S with a Gram stain can determine whether the infection is Type 1 or Type 2, which will help to determine what antibiotics to prescribe. Computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to help diagnose NF. Ct scans can visualize the subcutaneous air and find the anatomic site of involvement by detecting necrosis with asymmetric fascial thickening (Maynor, 2006). MRI is helpful with guided rapid debridement of the wounds. Treatment In order to prevent significant disfigurement and/or death in the patient with NF is a quick diagnosis and very aggressive treatment is needed from the start. Broad spectrum antibiotics that treat gram-positive and negative aerobes and anaerobes are prescribed around the clock until the specific strain of the bacteria can be identified and treated appropriately. Due to the amount of antibiotics being administered and possible toxicity involved, Kidney and Liver function should be monitored during therapy. The patient will also need intravenous fluids, pain management, and possibly TPN. All necrotic tissue on the patient needs to be debrided with diligence in removing fascia, skin and subcutaneous tissue involved as early as possible, which may need to be performed multiple times to effectively remove all necrotic tissue. Hyperbaric therapy may be prescribed as an additional therapy. Role of the NP The NP needs to be able to recognize the early symptoms of NF so that he or she will be able to begin treatment quickly. A collaborative multidisciplinary care approach needs to be used for the care of this type of patient. The care team will need to include Critical/Acute care, Dietitian, Physical therapy, and Wound care Nurse. The patient will need a lot of education and psychological support as well. Conclusion Necrotizing Fasciitis is a very aggressive and debilitating disease that has a very rapid progression. Since the disease is very easily transmitted into the body with the potential of detection not until later stages due to the similarities to cellulitis. Rapid diagnosis and treatment is essential to prevent severe dismemberment and or death. So this makes the Nurse Practitioner working in ambulatory care the first line of defense against this rapidly debilitating disease.